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Proposed  International 
Phonetic  Conference 

TO    ADOPT    A    UNIVERSAL     ALPHABET 

TO    SERVE    AS    PRONOUNCING    KEY    IN    DICTIONARIES  rC^ 


Circular  Inviting  Opinions 


"I  look  upon  this  movement  as  a  step  toward  the  unification  of  enlightened 
nations,  toward  arbitration  and  peace." — Ex-President  FRANKLIN  CARTER,  Williams 
College. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE.  PAGE- 

Circular i  Similar  movements: 

Reasons  for  this  inquiry 2             Major  Terry's  work 31 

Endorsements 3             Mr.  Ruppenthal's  work 32 

Comments 13              Mr.  Vaile's  work 34 

Four  detailed  replies 26         Financial  statement 35 

Objections  answered 28         Index 36 

International  Phonetic  Association. .      30        Advertisements i-x 


SEPARATE : 
QUESTION  SHEET  (to  be  answered  and  returned) 


ISSUED  BY 

COLLEGE  OP  LIBERAL  ARTS, 
\  BOSTON  UNIVERSITY, 
1905. 


BOSTON   UNIVERSITY 


Metropolitan,  advantages  of  every  kind.  144  Instructors,  1,350 
Students  from  99  Universities,  18  foreign  countries,  and  from 
37  American  States  and  Territories. 

WILLIAM  E.  HUNTINGTON,  President. 


Boston    University   School   of  Theology 

For  College  Graduates  free  rooms  and  free  tuition  in  the  heart 
of  Boston.  Nearly  two  hundred  students.  Fifty-seventh  year 
opens  September  14.  Address  ACTING  DEAN  C.  W.  RISHELL, 
72  Mt.  Vernon  St. 

Boston  University  School    of  Law 

For  College  Graduates  one  hundred  Scholarships  of  $50  each. 
Located  close  to  the  Courts.  Three  hundred  and  fifty  students 
last  year.  Opens  October  5.  Address  DEAN  M.  M.  BIGELOW, 
Isaac  Rich  Hall,  Ashburton  Place. 

Boston  University  School  of  Medicine 

College  Graduates  are  favored  in  the  entrance  examination. 
Exceptional  clinical  and  laboratory  facilities.  Opens  October  6. 
Address  DEAN  J.  P.  SUTHERLAND,  295  Commonwealth  Ave. 

Boston  University  College  of  Liberal  Arts 

Five  hundred  students  in  attendance.  Elective  courses  in  great 
variety.  Admission  from  certificating  schools  without  exami- 
nation. All  the  collegiate  degrees.  Opens  September  15.  Ad- 
dress the  DEAN  OF  THE  COLLEGE,  12  Somerset  St. 

Boston  University  Graduate  Department 

Philosophical  and  literary  courses,  leading  to  the  degrees  of 
A.  M.  and  Ph.  D.  For  College  Graduates  only.  Opens  Septem- 
ber 15.  Address  DEAN  B.  P.  BOWNE,  12  Somerset  St. 


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» 

THE  BEST 

OF    THE    ONE    VOLUME    DICTIONARIES, 
SAYS  DR.  J.  A.  H.  MURRAY, 

OF  OXFORD  UNIVERSITY. 

Webster's 

International 

Dictionary 

/    WEBSTER'S    \ 
I  INTERNATIONAL/ 
\  DICTIONARY  / 

\^_^/ 

THE  GRAND  PRIZE 

Highest  Award  given  atthe  World's  Fair,  St.  Louis. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  book  in  any  language  -where  the  reader 
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D.  C.  OILMAN,  LL.  D.,  Prest.  Carnegie  Institution, 

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GET     THE     BEST 

Pronunciation  in  Dictionaries — Which  System  is  Best  ? 


CHARLES  P.  G.  SCOTT,  Ph.  D.,  prominent 
editor  of  the  Century  Dictionary,  late  editor- 
in-chief  of  the  new  Worcester  Dictionary  (in 
course  of  revision),  speaking  of  diacritical 
markings  used  in  pronunciation  of  words  in 
various  dictionaries,  says: 

".  .  .  The  so-called  'system'  of  nota- 
tion used  in  the  current  American  and  Eng- 
lish dictionaries  (except  the  Oxford  and  THE 


STANDARD)  is  thoroughly  bad— unhistoric, 
unscientific,  unliterary,  unscholarly,  inconsis- 
tent, irrational,  ineffective. 

"  Only  the  Oxford  Dictionary  and  THE 
STANDARD  DICTIONARY  have  been  bold 
enough  and  wise  enough  to  use  a  notation 
based  on  historic  and  scientific  principles. 
I  think  all  new  dictionaries  will  be  bold  and 
wise  also." 


NEWLY  REVISED  and  ENLARGED  FUNK  &  WAGNALLS 


Awarded  the  Grand  Prize  (Highest  Award)  St.  Louis  Exposition 

A  Gold  Medal  (Highest  Award  to  a  Dictionary}  at  Paris  Exposition 

Two  Medals  at  Pan- American  Exposition 

President  of  France  Presented  a  Semes  Vase  in  its  Honor 

Special  Decoration  Conferred  by  Sultan  of  Turkey  in  its  Honor 

The  late  Queen  Victoria,  King  Edward  VII.,  Emperor  of  Japan,  Czar  of  Russia, 
Emperor  of  Germany,  President  of  United  States,  and  nearly  all  the  other  great 
rulers  of  the  world  have  procured  it. 


LARGEST  VOCABULARY  — Defines 
nearly  100,000  more  terms  than  any  other 
Dictionary — and  they  are  all  living  parts  of 
the  language,  needless  terms  having  been 
excluded. 

Sun,    New   York- — "As   regards   its 
vocabulary,    this    dictionary   far    sur- 
passes all  of  its  rivals." 
MOST    CONVENIENT    DICTIONARY— 
The  most  common  meaning  of  the  word  is 
given   first — then   in    their    order    the   rarer, 
archaic,  obsolescent,  and  obsolete  meanings — 
the  etymology  being  less  sought  is  given  last. 
Atlantic      Monthly: — "This      simple 
change  is  so  admirable,  so  truly  popu- 
lar, that  it  is  astounding  it  has  never 
been  thought  of  and  put  into  play  be- 
fore." 

DISPUTED  SPELLINGS  AND  PRO- 
NUNCIATIONS have  been  passed  upon  by 
leading  philologists  in  the  American,  English, 
Canadian,  Australian,  and  Indian  Universities 
and  their  preferences  and  those  of  the  Standard 
are  clearly  shown ;  in  addition  the  pronuncia- 
tions of  other  important  dictionaries  ( 11  in  all) 
are  given. 

The  Observer,  New  York:— "So  thor- 
oughly have  disputed  spellings  and  pro- 
nunciations been  dealt  with  that  we 
have  a  consensus  of  the  best  judgment 
of  the  English-speaking  world." 


EXCELS  IN  ILLUSTRATIONS— One 
illustration  alone,  that  of  "Gems,"  made 
under  the  supervision  of  George  F.  Kunz,  the 
gem  expert  of  Tiffany's,  and  lithographed  by 
Prang,  cost  nearly  $5,000.  And  it  is  only  one 
of  many. 

257  EDITORS  AND  SPECIALISTS — 
Leaders  in  all  departments  of  knowledge — 
were  engaged  upon  it. 

The  Critic,  New  York: — "No  dic- 
tionary ever  had  so  many  or  so  able 
editors." 

CONTAINS  FEATURES  FOUND  IN 
NO  OTHER — An  infallible  guide  to  correct 
use  of  capital  initial  letters.  The  only  scien- 
tific system  for  the  compounding  of  words. 
Excels  in  exactness  of  quotations  to  verify  or 
illustrate  the  meanings  of  words.  Gives  tens 
of  thousands  of  exact  discriminations  in  the 
meanings  of  words;  explains  and  illustrates 
the  use  of  prepositions ;  corrects  faults  in  pro- 
nunciation and  diction;  has  more  synonyms 
than  any  other.  The  only  dictionary  that 
gives  antonyms.  Gives  correct  pronunciation 
of  proper  names,  including  those  of  celebrities, 
living  or  dead;  pronunciation  of  all  Bible  and 
Apocryphal  names,  as  well  as  geographical 
names.  It  gives  a  full  list  of  irregular  plurals 
with  rules  governing  their  formation,  etc..  etc. 


Sent  Free-"THE  SCIENTIFIC  ALPHABET"-80-Page  Booklet 

If  you  will  sign  and  return  the  Request  Form 
herewith  or  a  copy  of  it,  we  will  send  you  this  valuable 
publication  free.  It  gives  a  detailed  and  accurate 
explanation  of  the  Scientific  Alphabet,  which  was  pre- 
pared and  promulgated  by  the  American  Philological 
Association,  and  which  agrees  substantially  with  the 
alphabet  used  by  the  Philological  Society  of  England; 
the  American  and  English  Geographical  Boards;  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
and  the  great  Oxford  Historical  Dictionary  (Mur- 
ray's). This  Alphabet  is  used  to  indicate  pronuncia- 
tion in  the  Standard  Dictionary  Series. 

FUNK  &  WAGNALLS  CO.,  Publishers,  New  York 


REQUEST  FORM. 

FUNK  &  WAGNALLS  COMPANY, 
New  York. 

Please  send  me  without  charge  the 
80-page  Booklet ' '  The  Scientific  Alpha- 
bet." Also  special  easy-payment 
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the  new  Standard  Dictionary. 

B.  Univ.  Cir 


Name.  . . 
Address . 


COLLEGE  OF  LIBERAL  ARTS 

BOSTON  UNIVERSITY 

12  SOMERSET  STREET 


Proposed   International   Phonetic   Confer- 
ence to  Adopt  a  Universal  Alphabet. 


CIRCULAR  INVITING  OPINIONS. 


BOSTON,  MASS.,  February  27,  1905. 

SIR:  On  August  26,  1904,  Boston  University,  complying  with  a  request  endorsed 
by  many  prominent  men  (see  foot-note,  p.  3),  issued  a  preliminary  circular  inviting 
opinions  on  the  proposal  to  hold  an  international  phonetic  conference  for  the  purpose 
of  adopting  a  universal  alphabet  to  serve  as  a  key  to  pronunciation  in  the  diction- 
aries of  the  leading  languages. 

The  almost  unanimous  favor  with  which  this  suggestion  has  been  received  justifies 
a  wider  inquiry.  The  present  circular  is  accordingly  sent  to  some  3,000  university 
professors  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  replies  from  these  will  constitute 
practically  the  verdict  of  the  learned  public  and  will  be  laid  before  those  who  have  the 
means  to  make  the  conference  a  reality. 

You  will  confer  a  favor  by  answering  the  enclosed  questions  with  as  much  detail  as 
your  time  permits,  and  returning  at  your  early  convenience. 

The  circular  is  also  sent  (without  the  question  sheet)  to  all  previous  endorsers, 
many  of  them  having  expressed  a  desire  to  be  kept  informed  of  the  progress  of  the 
movement. 

The  comments,  criticisms,  etc.,  printed  herewith,  may  supply  information  to  those 
unfamiliar  with  the  subject. 

The  circumstances  under  which  the  circular  is  issued  render  it  difficult  to  avoid 
duplication.     Those  who  receive  duplicates  are  requested  to  transmit  them  to  per- 
sons likely  to  be  interested  in  the  subject. 
Very  respectfully, 

WILLIAM  E.  HUNTINGTON,  THOMAS  BOND  LINDSAY, 

President  Boston  University.  Prof.  Latin  and  Sanscrit. 

J.  GEDDES,  JR.,  MARSHALL  L.  PERRIN, 

Prof.  Romance  Languages.  Prof.  Germanic  Languages. 

JOSEPH  R.  TAYLOR,  E.  CHARLTON  BLACK, 

Prof.  Greek.  Prof.  English  Literature. 

F.  M.  JOSSELYN,  JR.,  DALLAS  B.  SHARP, 

Prof.  Romance  Languages.  Asst.  Prof.  English. 

WILLIAM  GOODWIN  AURELIO,  ALEXANDER  H.  RICE, 

Asst.  Prof.  Greek.  Asst.  Prof.  Latin 

GEORGE  VAN  WIEREN, 

Instructor  in  German. 


REASONS  FOR  THIS  INQUIRY, 
(i)  NEED  FOR  A  UNIVERSAL  ALPHABET. 

Every  important  dictionary,  as  a  matter  of  necessity,  uses  a  key  to  pronunciation!; 
but  owing  to  the  multiplicity  of  keys,  not  one  of  them  becomes  familiar  to  the  public. 
Hence  their  utility,  even  for  dictionaries,  is  limited. 

Now  there  is  no  reason  why  all  dictionaries  should  not  use  the  same  key  to  pronun- 
ciation, and  there  is  no  reason  why  the  letters  composing  that  key  should  not  have 
such  form  as  would  be  most  convenient  also  for  ordinary  writing  and  printing. 

The  Roman  letters  are  already  in  use  throughout  the  civilized  world,  with  nearly 
identical  values.  By  slight  modifications  of  some  of  them,  these  letters  could  be  so- 
increased  in  number  that  they  would  suffice  to  represent  all  the  elementary  sounds  of 
the  leading  languages.  Sounds  which  are  the  same  in  the  different  languages  would 
be  represented  by  the  same  letters;  for  the  few  sounds  peculiar  to  any  language 
special  letters  would  be  devised. 

Such  a  universal  key  to  pronunciation  would  at  once  establish  a  universally  recog- 
nized phonetic  spelling.  Students  of  foreign  languages  would  of  course  find  it  exceed- 
ingly convenient  to  have  the  pronunciation  indicated  by  a  spelling  already  familiar 
to  them.  Hence  it  seems  certain  that  such  a  key  alphabet,  once  introduced  in  all 
dictionaries,  would  soon  be  used  in  all  language  manuals,  primers,  and  readers,  which,, 
as  a  matter  of  necessity,  are  already  using  phonetic  alphabets.  Besides  lightening; 
the  labor  of  the  dictionary-user,  this  universal  key  alphabet  would  thus  supply  to 
every  educated  person  a  means  to  write  every  word  of  every  leading  language  in  such 
way  that  its  pronunciation  would  be  everywhere  understood. 

In  brief,  the  number  of  persons  who  are  willing  and  even  compelled  to  learn  pho- 
netic alphabets  is,  after  all,  not  inconsiderable.  If  all  these  can  be  induced  to  use 
the  same  alphabet  (and  this  ought  not  to  be  difficult,  since  they  have  urgent  reasons 
for  so  doing),  that  alphabet  can  hardly  fail  to  become  more  or  less  familiar  to  the 
public  at  large. 

(2)  PROBABLE  CONSEQUENCES  OF  THE  ADOPTION  OF  A  UNIVERSAL  ALPHABET. 

Phonetic  spellings  now  look  odd  because  they  are  (i)  unauthorized,  (2)  unfamiliar 
— their  unfamiliarity  being  due  to  the  multiplicity  of  phonetic  alphabets  in  use.  A 
universal  phonetic  spelling,  sanctioned  by  the  highest  authority,  that  of  an  interna- 
tional commission  of  experts,  and  made  familiar  by  constant  use,  induced  by  motives 
of  manifest  utility,  would  soon  cease  to  look  odd. 

Experiments  have  proved  that  children  beginning  with  a  phonetic  spelling  learn 
to  read  in  a  few  weeks  and  master  even  the  traditional  spelling  more  readily  than  by 
the  present  method.  Since  primers  would  necessarily  have  to  conform  to  the  diction- 
aries in  using  the  universal  spelling  to  indicate  pronunciation,  it  is  probable  that 
many  schools  would  repeat  the  experiment  of  beginning  the  teaching  of  reading  with 
this  spelling.  The  advantage  of  so  doing  would  be  so  striking  that  the  practice 
would  soon  become  universal. 

Thus  the  existence  of  a  universal  alphabet  would  be  a  great  convenience  to  every- 
body, even  if  the  traditional  spelling  were  retained.  However,  when  the  entire 
rising  generation  had  become  familiar  with  the  phonetic  spelling,  it  is  probable  that 
the  traditional  spelling  would  be  felt  to  be  a  useless  burden. 

There  are  sixteen  million  school  children  in  the  United  States.  If  it  be  true,  as 
asserted,  that  the  use  of  phonetic  spelling  would  save  to  every  child  two  years  (one- 
fourth  of  the  average  school  time)  in  learning  to  read  and  thru  avoidance  of  spelling 
lessons,  one  may  form  an  idea  of  what  a  gain  this  would  be  to  the  nation.  It  would 
become  practically  impossible  for  anyone  to  reach  adult  age  without  having  learned 
to  read. 


ENDORSEMENTS  OF  AN  INTERNATIONAL  PHONETIC  CONFERENCE. 

As  might  be  expected,  the  wording  of  the  endorsements  varies  considerably.  There 
is  complete  and  enthusiastic  unanimity  as  to  the  necessity  of  a  uniform  key  to 
pronunciation  for  dictionaries.  The  great  majority  are  also  decidedly  in  favor  of  the 
gradual  extension  of  phonetic  writing  into  popular  use,  though  a  few  question  its 
practicability,  at  least  at  an  early  date. 

DELAWARE. 
DELAWARE  COLLEGE,  Newark : 

Dawson,  Edgar,  English,  History  and 
Logic. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

GOVERNMENT  BUREAUS,  Washington: 

U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY: 

**Walcott,  Dr.  C.  D.,  Director;  Secre- 
tary Carnegie  Institution. 

**Becker,  Dr.  George  F.,  Chief  Div. 
Chemical  &  Physical  Researches;  Di- 
rector Geophysical  Laboratory,  Car- 
negie Institution.  (See  p.  13.) 

**Clarke,  Dr.  F.  W.,  Chief  Chemist. 

**Day,  Dr.  Arthur  L.  Chief  Physicist. 

**Gannett,  Henry..  Chief  Div.  Topog- 
raphy; Chairman  U.  S.  Board  on  Geo- 
graphic Names. 

**  Wilson,  H.  M.,  Chief  Eastern  Section  of 
Topography. 

*Douglas,  E.  M.,  Chief  Western  Section 
of  Topography. 

*Hillebrand,  Dr.  W.  F.,  Chemist. 

*  Allen,  Dr.  E.  T.,  Chemist;  Prest.  Wash- 

ington Chem.  Soc. 

**Eldridge,  G.  H.,  Geologist. 

*Warman,  P.  C.,  Editor. 

*Wood,  G.  M.,  Assistant  Editor. 

**Day,  Dr.  David  T.,  Chief  Div.  of  Min- 
ing Statistics. 

*Parker,  E.  W.,  Statistician;  ex-Editor 
Engin.  &  Mining  Journal;  Member 
Coal  Strike  Arbitration  Commission. 

**Hayes,  Dr.  C.  W.,  Geologist  in  charge 
of  Geology. 

*Kiibel,  S.  J.,  Chief  Engraving  Division. 

**Emmons,  S.  F.,  Geologist  in  charge  of 
Economic  Geology. 

*Thompson,  A.  H.,  in  charge  Gov't  Ex- 
hibit, World's  Fair,  St.  Louis. 

**G.  K.  Gilbert,  Geologist  in  charge  of 
Physiographic  &  Glacial  Geology. 

**Hague,  Arnold,  Geologist. 

**Diller,  J.  S.,  Geologist. 

**Weed,  Walter  Harvey,  Geologist. 

*  Weeks,  F.  B.,  Librarian. 
**Rizer,  Col.  H.  C.,  Chief  Clerk. 

BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY: 

**Holmes,  W.  H.,  Director. 
*Mooney,  James,  Ethnologist. 
*Huntington,  Frank,  Ethnologist. 
**Hewitt,  J.  B.  N.,  Ethnologist. 


CALIFORNIA. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  Berkeley:  i 

Chambers,  Samuel  A.,  French. 
Clapp,  Edward  Bull,  Greek. 
Merrill,  W.  A.,  Latin  Lang.  &  Lit. 
Noyes,  G.  R.,  English  &  Slavic  Philology. 
"Oral  discussion  eminently  desirable." 
vSenger,  Henry,  German. 
Voorsanger,  Jacob,  Semitic  Lang.  &  Lit. 

STANFORD  UNIVERSITY: 

*Jordan,  David  Starr,  President. 

*Matzke,  John  E.,  Romance  Languages. 
(See  p.  20.) 

*Clark,  George  A.,  Secretary. 

*Dodge,  Melvin  G.,  Librarian. 

Anderson,  Melville  B.,  English  Literature. 

Cooper,  W.  A.,  German.  "The  oral  dis- 
cussion should  be  prolonged  until  the 
whole  system  thoroughly  ripens." 

Newcomer,  Alphonso G.,  English.  "Oral 
discussion  necessary." 

Rendtorff,  Karl  G.,  German.  "Confer- 
ence, of  course." 

Rice,  Carl  C.,  Romance  Lang. 

Seward,  S.  S.,  Jr.,  English.  "Conference 
much  the  more  practicable." 

COLORADO. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  COLORADO,  Boulder: 

Aver,  C.  C.,  Romance  Lang.  "Oral  con- 
ference necessary." 

COLORADO  COLLEGE,  Colorado  Springs: 

Hills,  E.  C.,  Romance  Lang.  "Confer- 
ence sounds  more  practicable." 

CONNECTICUT. 
WESLEYAN  UNIVERSITY,  Middletown: 

Chase,   George   Davis,    Latin   &  Greek. 

(See  p.  16.) 

Fife,  Robert  H.,  German.     (See  p.  17.) 
Kuhns,   Oscar,   Romance  Languages. 

YALE  UNIVERSITY,  New  Haven: 

Curdy,  A.  E.,  French. 

Goodell,  Thomas  Dwight,  Greek.  "The 
existence  of  such  an  alphabet  -would  be  a 
boon  in  many  ways,  and  I  am  in  favor  of 
all  reasonable  means  looking  to  that  end." 

Root,  Robert  K.,  English.  "I  am  heart- 
ily in  sympathy  with  any  plan  which 
offers  any  hope  of  a  generally  accepted 
phonetic  spelling." 


*  Denotes  endorsements  received  before  the  issue  of  the  preliminary  circular  by 
Boston  University. 

** Denote  those  who  recommended  the  issue  of  a  circular  on  the  subject. 


Wood,  Herbert  S.,  Editor  (now  Dept. 
Commerce  and  Labor).  (See  p.  26.) 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  : 

*Mason,  O.  T.,  Curator  Div.  Ethnology. 

*Geare,  R.  I.,  Chief  Div.  Correspondence 
&  Documents. 

**Benjamin,  Marcus,  Editor. 

*Gill,  Dr.  Theodore  N.,  Zoologist. 

*Stejneger,  Leonhard,  Curator  Div.  Rep- 
tiles and  Batrachians. 

COAST  AND  GEODETIC  SURVEY  : 
**Tittmann,  Dr.  O.  H.,  Superintendent. 
**Harris,  Dr.  R.  A. 

**Perkins,  F.  W.,  Asst.  Superintendent. 
**Bauer,  Dr.  L.  A.,  Chief  Div.  of  Terres- 
trial Magnetism. 

BUREAU  OF  PLANT  INDUSTRY: 
**Woods,     Albert    F.,     Pathologist    in 
charge. 

BUREAU  OF  FORESTRY: 
**Pinchot,  Gifford,  Forester  in  charge. 

BUREAU  OF  INTERNAL  REVENUE: 
**Crampton,   Dr.   C.   A.,  Chief  Div.   of 

Chemistry. 
**Tupper,  J.  B.  T.,  Chief  Law  Division. 

BUREAU  OF  STATISTICS: 
** Austin,  O.  P.,  Chief. 

BUREAU  OF  STANDARDS: 
**Stokes,  Dr.  H.  N.,  Chemist. 
Wolff,  Dr.  Frank  A.,  Physicist.     (See  p. 

25-) 

WEATHER  BUREAU: 

**Abbe,  Prof.  Cleveland,  Editor  Monthly 
Weather  Review.  (See  p.  13.) 

*McGee,W  J,  Chief  Dept.  Anthropol- 
ogy, World's  Fair,  St.  Louis;  Pres.  Na- 
tional Geographic  Society;  Pres.  Amer. 
Anthropological  Assoc. 

**Chandler,  Hon.  W.  E.,  ex-Senator 
from  New  Hampshire,  ex-Secretary  of 
the  Navy;  President  Spanish  Treaty 
Claims  Commission.  (See  p.  15.) 

**Hitt,  Hon.  R.  R.,  Chairman  Com- 
mittee on  Foreign  Affairs,  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives; ex- Assistant  Secretary  of 
State. 

Cushman,  Hon.  Francis  W.,  House  of 
Representatives. 

*Woodward,  Prof.  R.  S.,  President  Car- 
negie Institution. 

Spanhoofd,  Arnold  Werner,  Director 
of  German  Instruction  in  the  High 
Schools. 

GEORGIA. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  GEORGIA,  Athens: 
Morris,  John,  Germanic  Lang. 

AGNES  SCOTT  INSTITUTE,  Atlanta: 
Farrar,  Thomas  J.,  English.     "Confer- 
ence by  all  means." 


EMORY  COLLEGE,  Oxford : 
W.  L.  Weber. 

SHORTER  COLLEGE,  Rome : 
Hopper,  Georgia  E. 

ILLINOIS. 

ILLINOIS  WTESLEYAN  UNIVERSITY, 

Bloomington : 
Austin,  Francis  M.,  Latin. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  : 
Harper,  William  R.,  President. 
Blackburn,  F.  A.,  English.     (See  p.  14.) 
Buck,  Carl  D.,  Sanscrit  &  Compar.  Indo- 

Europ.  Philology. 
Jenkins,  T.  A.,  French  Philology.     "Oral 

discussion  indispensable." 
Talbot,  Marion,  A.  M.,  LL.  D.,  Dean  of 

Women. 
Wood,  Franics  A.,  Germanic  Philology. 

LEWIS  INSTITUTE,  Chicago: 
Lewis,  E.  H.  English. 

Carus,  Dr.  Paul,  Editor  Open  Court 
&  Monist,  P.  O.  Drawer  F,  Chicago. 

Hurst,  W.  H.,  1430  Madison  street, 
Chicago. 

NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY,  Evanston : 
Curme,  George  Oliver,  Germanic  Philol. 
Hatfield,  James  Taft,  German  Language 
and  Lit. 

MORGAN  PARK  ACADEMY,  Morgan  Park: 
Burgess,  Isaac  B.,  Latin.     "There  should 
be  an  extended  conference." 


Vaile,  E.  O.,  Editor  The  Intelligence, 
Primary  School  Era,  The  Week's  Current. 
Oak  Park.  (See  p.  25.) 

Blackmer,  O.  C.,  Treas.  Type  Fund, 
Life  Member  Spelling  Reform  Ass'n.,  Oak 
Park. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS,  Urbana: 
Baldwin,  Edward  Chauncey,  English  Lit. 
Brooks,  Neil  Conwell,  German. 
Clark,  Thomas  Arkle,  Rhetoric. 
Oliver,  Thomas,  French.     (See  p.  21.) 

INDIANA. 
DE  PAUW  UNIVERSITY,  Greencastle : 

Longden,  Henry  B. 

INDIANA  UNIVERSITY,  Bloomington: 

Nollen,  John  S.,  German.  "An  interna- 
tional conference— with  a  definite  pro- 
gram— can  do  the  work  best." 

Tilden,  F.  W.,  Greek.  "A  meeting  for 
discussion  would  be  necessary." 

FRANKLIN  COLLEGE,  Franklin: 
Brown,  Francis  W.,  Latin  Lang.  &  Lit. 

"Oral  discussion  the  most  feasible  and 
by  far  the  most  satisfactory." 


IOWA. 
IOWA  STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  Cedar 

Falls: 

Knoepfler,  J.  B.,  German.     "Correspon- 
dence insufficient." 

IOWA  COLLEGE,  Grinnell: 
Burnet,    Percy   B.,   German,    French   & 
Spanish.     "Such  a  task  must  be  left 
•with  a  very  jew."     (See  p.  15.) 
Main,  J-  H.  T.,  Dean  of  Faculty. 
Millerd,  Clara  G.,  Greek  &  Philosophy. 

SIMPSON  COLLEGE,  Indianola: 
Shelton,  Chas.  Eldred,  Pres. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IOWA,  Iowa  City: 
Ansley,  C.  F.,  English.     "The  conference 

is  necessary." 

Bush,  Stephen  H.,  French. 
Eastman,     Clarence     Willis,     German. 

(Seep.  17.) 

Van  vSteenderen,  F.  C.  L.,  A.  M.     French 
Lang.  &  Lit. 

KANSAS. 
Ewert,  J.  G.,  Instructor  in  Ancient  and 

Modern  Languages,  Hillsboro. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  KANSAS,  Lawrence: 
Bassett,    R.    E.,    Romance    Languages. 

"By  all  means,  all  possible  discussion 

should  be  had." 
Carruth,    W.     H  ,    German    Philology. 

"Both  personal  discussion  and  corres- 

pondence and  conferences,  not  one  but 

many." 
Lawrence,  William  W.,  English  Lit. 

Ruppenthal,  J.  C.,  Russell. 
KENTUCKY. 
STATE  COLLEGE  OF  KENTUCKY,  Lex- 

ington : 
Wernicke,  P.,  German,  French,  Spanish. 

LOUISIANA. 
LOUISIANA  STATE  UNIVERSITY,  Baton 

Rouge: 

Read,  William  A.,  English.     "Oral  dis- 
cussion is  absolutely  necessary." 
TULANE  UNIVERSITY,  New  Orleans: 
Fortier,  Alcee,  Romance  Lang. 
Sharp,  Robert,  Prof.  English.   (See  p.  23.) 

MAINE. 

BATES  COLLEGE,  Lewiston: 
Anthony,  Alfred  Williams,  New  Testa- 
ment Exegesis  &  Criticism;  Pres.  Sci- 
ence Section  Maine  Acad.  Medicine  & 
Sci.     "Personal  conference   of  experts 
to  me  desirable,  almost  impera- 


Leonard,  A.  N.,  German.     "Much  can 
be  done  by  correspondence;  oral  discus- 
sion it-ill  be  necessary." 
BOWDOIN  COLLEGE,  New  Brunswick: 

Chapman,  Henry  L.,  English  Lit. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MAINE,  Orono: 
Harrington,    Karl  P.,    Latin.     "Discus- 
sion in  full." 

Huddilston,  J.  H.,  Greek.     "Correspon- 
dence would  be  likely  to  effect  very  little  " 

MARYLAND. 

BALTIMORE  CITY  COLLEGE,  Baltimore : 
Becker,  Ernest  J.,  Ph.  D.,  German  and 

English. 

JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY,  Baltimore: 
*Elliott,   A.   Marshall,   Romance    Lang. 
(Seep.  17.) 

*  Bright,  James  W.,   English  Philology. 
*Scripture,   E.   W.,   Experimental  Pho- 
netics. 

Armstrong,  Edward  C.,  French. 

Marden,  C.  Carroll,  Spanish. 

Vos,  B.  J.,  German. 

Wood,  Henry,  German. 
THE  WOMAN'S  COLLEGE,  Baltimore: 

Froelicher,  Hans,  German. 

Van  Deman,  Esther  Boise,  Latin.     "Cor- 
respondence is  not  sufficient." 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

AMHERST  COLLEGE,  Amherst: 
Nitze,  Wm.  A.,  Romance  Lang. 

PHILLIPS  ACADEMY,  Andover: 
Newton,  Walter  R.,  German. 

BOSTON  UNIVERSITY,  Boston: 
*Huntington,  William  E.,  Pres. 
*Coit,  Judson  B.,  Mathematics  &  Astron. 
*Rowe,  Henry  K.,  History. 
*Josselyn,  F.  M.,  Jr.,  Romance  Lang. 
*Sharp,  Dallas  B.,  English. 
*Taylor,  Joseph  R.,  Greek. 

*  Lindsay,  Thomas  Bond,  Latin  &  Sans. 
*Rice,  Alexander  H.,  Latin. 

*Perrin,  Marshall  L.,  Germanic  Langs. 

*Black,  E.  Charlton,  English  Literature. 

*Fall,  George  H.,  Political  &  Jural  Insti- 
tutions. 

*Bowne,  Borden  P.,  Philosophy. 

*Bruce,  Robert  E.,  Mathematics. 

*Baldwin,  F.  Spencer,  Political  Economy 
&  Social  Science. 

*Warren,  William  Marshall,  Philosophy. 

*Aurelio,  William  Goodwin,  Asst.  Prof. 
Greek. 

*Van  Wieren,  Georg,  German. 

*Geddes,  J.,  Jr.,  Romance  Lang. 
ENGLISH  HIGH  SCHOOL,  Boston: 

Beatley,  James  A.,  German  &  Music. 

Snow,  William  B.,  French. 
NEW  ENGLAND  CONSERVATORY  OF  Mu- 
sic, Boston: 

Thurwanger,  Camille,  Elocution. 
ROXBURY  HIGH  SCHOOL,  Boston: 

Kagan,  Josiah  M.,  German. 

Lowell,  D.  O.  S.     "The  second  proposi- 
tion [conference]  by  all  means." 


Conover,  Miss  Elizabeth  D.,  66  Mount 
Vernon,  Boston. 

Herbert,  Albert,  President  Hub  Gore 
Makers,  Boston.     (See  p.  18.) 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY,  Cambridge: 
*Grandgent,  C.  H.,  Romance  Lang. 
*Schofield,  W.  H.,  English. 

*  Wright,  C.  H.  C.,  French. 
*Ford,  J.  D.  M.,  Spanish  &  Italian. 
*Willson,  Robert  W.,  Astronomy. 
*Byerly,  W.  E.,  Mathematics. 
*Howard,  Albert  A.,  Latin. 

*Von  Jagemann,  H.  C.  G.,  German. 

Bierwirth,  H.  C.,  German. 

Howard,  William  Guild,  German;  Treas- 
urer Mod.  Lang.  Assoc. 

Moore,  Clifford  H.,  Greek  &  Latin  Lang. 
&  Lit. 

Hayes,  Alice,   2  Mercer  Circle,  Cam- 
bridge. 

Ingraham,  Andrew,  4  Bryant  street, 
Cambridge.     (Seep.  18.) 

Piper,  William  Taggard,  Ph.  D.,  179 
Brattle  street,  Cambridge. 

GROTON  SCHOOL,  Groton: 
Higley,  Edwin  H.     "An  oral  discussion 
is  -very  desirable." 

SMITH  COLLEGE,  Northampton: 
Pellissier,  Adeline,  French. 
Scott,  Mary  Augusta,  English  Lang.  & 
Lit.     (See  p.  23.) 
MOUNT  HOLYOKE  COLLEGE,  South 

Hadley: 

Hinsdale,  Ellen  C.,  German  Philology. 
Young,   Mary  Vance,   Romance  Langs. 

WILLIAMS  COLLEGE,  Williamstown : 
Carter,  Dr.  Franklin,  ex-President,  ex- 
Prof.  German  Lang.  &  Lit.  Yale  Univ. 
(Seep.  15.) 
WORCESTER  CLASSICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL, 

Worcester: 
Abbot,  William  F.,  Latin  &  Greek. 

MICHIGAN.- 
UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN,  Ann  Arbor: 

*  Russell,  Israel  C.,  Geology. 
*Kelsey,  Francis  W.,  Latin. 
*D'Ooge,  Martin  L.,  Greek  Lang.  &  Lit. 
*Hempl,  George,    English    Philology   & 

General  Linguistics;  President  Amer- 
ican Philological  Assoc. ;  Pronouncing 
Editor  New  Worcester  Dictionary  and 
Hinds,  Noble  &  Eldridge's  Interna- 
tional Dictionary. 

Bartlett,  Geo.  M.,  Drawing  &  Descrip- 
tive Geometry. 

Canfield,  Arthur  G.,  Romanic  Langs.  & 
Lits.  "I  have  no  doubt  of  the  great  ad- 
vantage, if  not  necessity,  of  the  confer- 
ence." 

Dickhoff,  Tobias,  German. 

Meader,  C.  L.,  Latin,  Sanscrit  &  Compar. 
Philology.  (See  p.  20.) 


Scott,  Fred.  Newton,  Rhetoric. 

KALAMAZOO  COLLEGE,  Kalamazoo: 

Williams,  Geo.  A.,  Greek.     "A  confer- 
ence is  the  only  satisfactory  plan." 


Mott,  John  M.,  author  of  Phonology 
and  Phonotype,  South  Haven,  R.  F.  D. 
route  No.  2.  (See  p.  20.) 

STATE  NORMAL  COLLEGE,  Ypsilanti: 
D'Ooge,  Benj.  L.,  Latin.     "Correspond- 
ence first,  then  oral  discussion." 
Lombard,  Mary  Joy,  French  &  German. 

MINNESOTA. 

UNIVERSITY  OP  MINNESOTA,  Minneap- 
olis: 
McClumpha,  C.  F.,  English  Lit. 

MISSOURI. 

Schoch,  Alfred  D.,  Ph.  D.,  Bonne  Terre. 
UNIVERSITY  OP  MISSOURI,  Columbia: 

*  Jesse,  R.  H.,  President. 
*Thilly,  F.,  Philosophy. 

*  Allen,  E.  C.,  English  Philology. 
*Penn,  H.  A.,  English  Philology. 
*Scott,  J.  R.,  Elocution. 

*Hill,  A.  Ross,  Philosophy. 

*Weeks,  Raymond,  Romance  Languages, 
Director  Laboratory  of  Phonetics. 
(See  p.  25.) 

*Brown,  W.  G.,  Chemistry. 

*Belden,  H.  M.,  English  Lang.  &  Lit. 

Almstedt,  Hermann  B.,  Dept.  of  German. 

Brown,  Calvin  S.,  Mod.  Lang. 

Lewis,  Mary  Elizabeth,  Adviser  of  Wo- 
men. 

Miller,  W.  McN.,  Pathology  &  Bacteriol- 
ogy. 

Roberts,  V.  H.,  Law.  "Oral  discussion 
is  a  prime  requisite." 

Sturtevant,  E.  H.,  Latin.  "/  should 
think  the  oral  discussion  quite  essential." 

KANSAS  CITY  M.   T.   HIGH  SCHOOL, 

Kansas  City: 

*Rambeau,  Dr.  A.,  Director  of  Foreign 
Language  Instruction ;  Co-Editor ' '  Die 
Neueren  Sprachen."  "Before  -we  have 
a  uniform  phonetic  alphabet  made  by 
phonetists,  I  do  not  believe  in  any  spell- 
ing reform." 


Werner,  N.  J.,  Printer,  Type  Designer 
and  Type  Founder,  3721  Cottage  ave., 
St.  Louis. 

NEBRASKA. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NEBRASKA,  Lincoln: 
Barber,  Grove  E.,  Latin. 
Grummann,  Paul  H.,  Germanic   Langs.; 

Assoc.   Editor  Journal  of  English  & 

Germanic      Philology.        "Conference 

necessary."     (See  p.  18.  ) 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
PHILLIPS  EXETER  ACADEMY,  Exeter: 
Rogers,  George  B.,  Latin. 

DARTMOUTH  COLLEGE,  Hanover: 
Burton,  H.  E.,  Latin.     "Oral  discussion 
necessary." 

NEW  JERSEY. 

STEVENS  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY, 

Hoboken : 

Kroeh,  Chas.  F.,  Mod.  Langs.  "It  should 
have  thorough,  deliberate,  prolonged  oral 
discussion.  I  have  been  preaching  this 
reform  for  30  years." 

RUTGERS  COLLEGE,  New  Brunswick: 
Bevier,  Louis,  Jr.,  Greek. 
Davis,  Edwin  B.,  Romance  Lang. 

LAWRENCEVILLE  SCHOOL,  Lawrenceville : 
Brbnson,  Thomas  B.,  Head  Mod.  Lang. 
PRINCETON  UNIVERSITY,  Princeton: 
Blau,  Max  F.,  German. 
Hunt,  Theodore  W.,  English  Lang.  &  Lit. 
Prentice,  Wm.  K.,  Greek. 

NEW  YORK. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 
DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE  LIBRARY 

AND  HOME  EDUCATION,  ALBANY: 
Dewey,  Melvil,  Director;  Secretary  Spell- 
ing Reform  Assoc.     (See  p.  17.) 

WELLS  COLLEGE,  Aurora : 
Case,  Mary  Emily,  Latin.     "Oral  discus- 
sion almost  necessary." 

ADELPHI  COLLEGE,  Brooklyn: 
Lawton,  Wm.  C.,  Greek  Lang.  &  Lit. 
"Conference  infinitely  more  desirable." 

Howard,  Matthew  N.,  488  Nostrand 
ave.,  Brooklyn. 

Winslow,  Miss  Julia  E.,  31  Sidney 
Place,  Brooklyn. 

HAMILTON  COLLEGE,  Clinton: 

Brandt,  H.  C.  G.,  German.  "It  will  take 
much  correspondence  even  before  and 
after  meetings." 

ELMIRA  COLLEGE,  Elmira : 

Hamilton,  H.  A.,  Greek. 
Harris,  M.  Anstice,  Dean. 

HOBART  COLLEGE,  Geneva : 

Turk,  Milton  Haight,  English  Lang.  & 
Lit.  &  Horace  White  Prof.  Rhetoric 
&  Elocution. 

COLGATE  UNIVERSITY,  Hamilton: 
Greene,  John,  Latin. 

CORNELL  UNIVERSITY,  Ithaca: 
Howe,  George  M.,  German 


COLLEGE  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK: 

Perrin,  Ernest  Noel,  English. 

COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY,  New  York: 

*Thomas,  Calvin,  Head  of  Dept.  of  Ger- 
manic Languages. 

*Matthews,  Brander,  Dramatic  Litera- 
ture. (See  p.  20.) 

*  Woodward,  R.  S.,  Mechanics;  President 
Carnegie  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Bargy,  Henry,  Romance  Lang.  &  Lit. 

Botsford,  George  Willis,  Ancient  History. 

Carpenter,  G.  R.,  Rhetoric. 

Doane,  Howard  F.,  Latin.     (See  p.  17.) 

Fitz-Gerald,  John  D.,  French,  Spanish,  & 
Romance  Philology. 

Kind,  John  L.,  German. 

Krapp,  George  Philip,  English.  ' '  /  think 
a  convention,  with  oral  dscussion  of  the. 
problems,  is  a  necessary  preliminary." 

Neilson,  W.  O.,  English. 

Speranza,  C.  L.,  Italian. 

IRVING  SCHOOL,  New  York : 

Hussey,  George  B.,  Latin  &  Greek. 
NEW  YORK  UNIVERSITY,  New  York: 

Balliet,  Thomas  M.,  Dean  of  School  of 
Pedagogy.  (See  p.  13.) 

Stoddard,  Francis  H.,  English  Lang.  & 
Lit. 

Waters,  William  E.,  Greek.  "  I  see  much 
good  to  be  secured  through  such  a  confer- 
ence, and  I  am  happy  to  give  it  my  en- 
dorsement." 

*Funk,  Dr.  I.  K.,  Editor  Standard  Dic- 
tionary, Funk  &  Wagnalls,  Publishers, 
New  York. 

*Rickard,  T.  A.,  Editor  Engineering  & 
Mining  Journal,  New  York. 

*Scott,  C.  P.  G.,  Etymological  Editor 
Century  Dictionary,  Century  Co.,  Union 
Square,  New  York.  (See  p.  23.) 

*Smith,  Benj.  E.,  Editor  Century  Dic- 
tionary, Century  Co.,  Union  Sq.,  New 
York. 

*Struthers,  Dr.  Jos.,  Asst.  Editor  Amer. 
Inst.  Mining  Engineers,  New  York. 

Ward,  William  Hayes,  Editor  The  In- 
dependent, New  York. 

Roy,  Rev.  James,  LL.  D.,  Niagara 
Falls,  Station  A;  formerly  French  tutor 
Victoria  College,  Toronto,  Canada,  etc. 

VASSAR  COLLEGE,  Poughkeepsie : 
Buck,  Gertrude,  Ph.  D.,  English. 

ACADEMY  OF  HIGHER  SCIENCES,  62  East 

Ave.,  Rochester: 
E.  D.  Babbitt,  M.  D.,  Dean. 

CHRISTIAN  BIBLICAL  INSTITUTE,  Stan- 

f  ordville : 
Weston,  Rev.  J.   B.,   D.   D.,   President. 

' '  There  cannot  be  critical  discussion  of 
sounds  and  signs  of  them  except  from 
mouth  to  ear."  (See  p.  25.) 


SYRACUSE  UNIVERSITY,  Syracuse: 

Cabeen,  C.  W.,  Romance  Langs.  &  Lits. 
Morris,  Edgar  C.,  English. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

ASHEVILLE  SCHOOL,  Asheville: 

Mitchell,  Chas.  A.,  Prin.  (Prof.  Greek). 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA, 
Chapel  Hill: 

Smith,   C.   Alphonso,   English;  Dean  of 
Dept.  of  Graduate  Studies. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  Fargo : 

Batt,  Max,  Mod.  Lang. 

OHIO. 

OHIO  STATE  UNIVERSITY,  Athens: 

Rhoades,  Lewis  A. 

Super,    Chas.  W.,    Pres.;    Prof.  Greek. 
"Oral  discussion  first.'1 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CINCINNATI, 

Cincinnati  : 
Brown,  Edward  Miles,  English  Philology. 

ADALBERT  COLLEGE,  Cleveland : 
Briggs,  William  Dinsmore,  English. 

WESTERN  RESERVE  UNIVERSITY, 

Cleveland : 

Emerson,  O.  F.,  English. 
Harris,  Charles,  German. 

KENYON  COLLEGE,  Gambier: 
Newhall,  Barker,  Greek. 
West,  Henry  T.,  German. 

OBERLIN  COLLEGE,  Oberlin: 
Wightman,  J.  R.,  Romance  Lang. 
MIAMI  UNIVERSITY,  Oxford: 
Brandon,  Edgar  Ewing,  French  Lang.  & 
Lit.     "Oral  discussion  is  certainly  pref- 
erable." 
James,  A.  W.,  German  Lang.  &  Lit. 

LAKE  ERIE  COLLEGE,  Painesville: 
Ross,  Annie,  French. 
Walker,  Mrs.  Amanda  A.,  German. 

WILBERFORCE  UNIVERSITY,  Wilber- 

f orce : 
Scarborough,  W.  S.,  President. 

WOOSTER  UNIVERSITY,  Wooster: 
Seelye,  William  J.,  Greek. 

OREGON. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  OREGON,  Eugene: 

Carson,  Luella  Clay,  Rhetoric  &  Am.  Lit. 
Schmidt,  F.  G.  G.,  Dr.,  Mod.  Lang.     "An 

agreement  by  correspondence  alone  is  a 
vision  and  a  delusion.  An  oral  discus- 
sion seems  absolutely  necessary." 


PENNSYLVANIA. 
HIGH  SCHOOL,  Allegheny: 

Smith,  W.  L.,  Principal.  "Only  an  oral 
discussion  can  bring  about  the  desired 
result." 

BRYN  MAWR  COLLEGE,  Bryn  Mawr: 

De  Haan,  F.,  Spanish.  "By  correspond- 
ence impossible.  Endorse  with  pleasure 
provided  the  word  civilized  be  not  used 
when  speaking  of  languages." 

Gerould,  Gordon  Hall,  English  Philology. 

Schinz,  A.,  Dept.  Romance  Languages. 

S.  W.  STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  California: 
Livingstone,  Dale. 

LAFAYETTE  COLLEGE,  Easton : 

*March,  F.  A.,  English  &  Compar.  Philol- 
ogy; Pres.  Spelling  Reform  Assoc. 

CENTRAL  HIGH  SCHOOL,  Philadelphia: 
Haney,  John  Louis,  Ph.  D.,  English  and 
History.     "/  recognize  that  this  move- 
ment is  one  of  the  greatest  importance 
and  take  pleasure  in  endorsing  it." 

DE  LANCEY  SCHOOL,  Philadelphia : 

Jodocius,  Dr.  Albert,  French,  Spanish, 
Italian. 

NORTHEAST  MANUAL  TRAINING  SCHOOL,. 
Philadelphia: 

Whitaker,  L.,  English. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  Phila. : 

*Child,  Clarence  C.,  English.    (See  p.  16.) 

Easton,  Morton  W.,  Compar.  Philology 
&  English.  "It  is  most  certainly  desir- 
able that  all  branches  of  the  trade  be  rep- 
resented. But  a  skilled  compositor 
would  be  m,ost  useful." 

Learned,  M.  D.,  Germanic  Lang. 

Rolfe,  John  C.,  Latin. 

Schelling,  F.  E.,  History  &  English  Lit. 

Shumway,  Daniel  B.,  German.  (See  p. 
23-) 

INTERNATIONAL  CORRESPONDENCE 
SCHOOLS,  Scranton: 

Lamaze,  Edouard,  Prin. School  of  French. 

STATE  COLLEGE: 
Foster,  Irving  L.,  Romance  Lang. 

SWARTHMORE  COLLEGE.  Swarthmore: 
Battin,  Benj.  F.,  German. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 
BROWN  UNIVERSITY,  Providence: 
Jonas,  J.  B.  E.,  Germanic  Languages  & 
Literatures.     (See  p.  1 8.) 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
SOUTH  CAROLINA  COLLEGE,  Columbia: 
Joynes,  Edward  S.,  Mod.  Lang. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA, 
Columbia: 

Wauchope,  Geo.  Armstrong,  English. 

TENNESSEE. 
UNIVERSITY  OP  TENNESSEE,  Knoxville: 

Darnall,  Henry  Johnston,  Mod.  Lang. 
' '  Correspondence  about  sounds  is  unsat- 
isfactory. Oral  discussion  absolutely 
necessary." 

Karns,  T.  C.,  late  Prof.  Philosophy  & 
Pedagogics.  "Full  preparatory  work 
should  be  done  by  correspondence  and 
then  a  meeting  should  be  held." 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NASHVILLE,  Nashville: 

Little,  Chas.  E.,  Prof.  Latin,  Peabody 
College  for  Teachers.  ' '  The  confer- 
ence is  the  idea." 

VANDERBILT  UNIVERSITY,  Nashville: 

Kip,  Herbert  Z.,  German.  "Confer- 
ence after  preliminary  correspondence." 
(Seep.  19.) 

Steele,  R.  B.,  Latin. 

WALDEN  UNIVERSITY,  Nashville: 

Birmingham,  Rev.  Daniel  Moschel  (Park 
Row  Bldg.,  New  York). 

TEXAS. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  TEXAS,  Austin  : 

Fay,    Edwin    W.,    Compar.    Philology. 

"Conference,  by  all  means." 
Primer,  Sylvester,  Germanic  Langs. 

BAYLOR  UNIVERSITY,  Waco: 

Hargrove,  H.  L.,  English.  "Deliberate 
discussion  by  experts." 

VIRGINIA. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  VIRGINIA,  Charlottesville : 

Garnett,  James  Mercer,   formerly  Prof. 

English. 
Harrison,  James  A.,  Teutonic  Langs. 

RANDOLPH-MACON  WOMEN'S  COLLEGE, 
College  Park,  Lynchburg: 

Armstrong,  Joseph  L.,  English.  "En- 
tirely too  much  time  is  lost  in  English 
lands  in  learning  to  spell  and  in  trying 
to  keep  what  has  been  learnt." 

Bowen,  Edwin  W.,  Latin. 

WASHINGTON  AND  LEE  UNIVERSITY, 
Lexington : 

Crow,  C.  L.,  Mod.  Lang.     "A  conference 

is  necessary." 
Currell,  W.  S.,  English. 

RICHMOND  COLLEGE,  Richmond: 
Harris,  W.  A.,  Greek. 


F.  M.  S.,  Waynesboro: 

Blain,  Hugh  M.,  Principal.  "Oral  dis- 
cussion not  only  desirable  but  the  only 
sure  way."  (See  p.  14.) 

COLLEGE  OF  WILLIAM  &  MARY  ,  Williams- 
burg: 

Bishop,  Charles  Edward,  Greek,  French 
and  German. 

WASHINGTON. 

SAUNDERSON  SCHOOL  OF  EXPRESSION, 
Seattle : 

Saunderson,  Geo.  W.,  Principal;  Litera- 
ture, Rhetoric,  Oratory.  (See  p.  22.) 

UNIVERSITY  OF  WASHINGTON,  Seattle: 
Frein,  Pierre  Joseph,  French.     "A  con- 
ference is  by  far  the  most  satisfactory- 
way." 

Haggett,  A.  S.,  Greek. 
Thomson,  David,  Latin.     "  Complete  dis- 
cussion is,   in  my  opinion,   absolutely 
necessary." 


Terry,    Major    Frank,  3816   South    L 
street,  Tacoma. 

WHITMAN  COLLEGE,  Walla  Walla: 

Anderson,  Louis  F.,  Greek.  To  Ques- 
tion 8:  "  Yes,  that  is  the  way  I  was  first 
taught." 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

WEST  VIRGINIA   UNIVERSITY,    Morgan- 
town: 

Truscott,  F.  W.,  German. 

WISCONSIN. 
LAWRENCE  UNIVERSITY,  Appleton: 

Wright,  Ellsworth  D.,  Latin  Lang.  &  Lit. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  WISCONSIN,  Madison: 

*Van  Hise,  C.  R.,  President. 

Gay,  Lucy  M.,  French. 

Hohlfeld,  A.  R.,  German.  President 
Central  Section,  Mod.  Lang.  Assoc. 
"/  think  that  an  international  conference 
of  leading  scholars  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary." 

Meisnest,  F.  W.,  German. 

Roedder,  Edwin  C.,  German  Philology. 

RIPON  COLLEGE,  Ripon: 
Shearin,   H.   G.,    English   Lang.   &  Lit. 
"To  get  concrete  results,  the  conference 
is  necessary." 

STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  Stevens  Point : 

Sechrist,  Frank  K.,  in  charge  Dept.  Eng- 
lish Lang.  &  Lit.  (See  p.  23.) 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

Wise,  Henry,  Bacnotan,  Union.     (See  p. 
25.) 


10 


FOREIGN. 

Most  of  the  foreign  correspondents  are 
members  of  the  International  Phonetic 
Association. 

AUSTRALIA. 
Dechend,  W.  V.,  Lecturer  on  German 

Language  and  Literature,  University, 

Melbourne.     (See  p.  16.) 
Maurice-Carton,     F.    I.,     M.   A.,     Lect. 

French,  Univ.  Melbourne. 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Balassa,  Dr.  J.,  VII  Kertesz-ucza  33sz., 
Budapest.  (See  p.  13.) 

Gartner,  Dr.  Theodor,  Rom.  Phil.,  Univ., 
Innsbruck. 

Nader,  B.,  Prof.  German  &  English, 
Staatsrealschule  I  Bezirk,  Vienna. 

Schuchardt,  Dr.  Hugo,  Univ.  Graz. 

Voigt,  Robert,  Prof,  an  der  Landes-Ober- 
realschule  in  Waidhofen  an  der  Ybbs, 
Lower  Austria. 

Wickerhauser,  Natalie,  Teacher  of  Mod- 
ern Languages  at  the  Lyceum  of  Za- 
greb (Agram),  Hrvatska  (Croatia). 
"Neither  the  telephone  nor  the  phono- 
graph can  make  up  for  oral  discussion; 
the  latter  also  saves  much  time  and 
trouble." 

BELGIUM. 

Logeman,    W.,    University    of    Ghent. 

(See  p.  19.) 
Monseur,  Eugene,  Sanscrit  &  Compar. 

Philology,     University     of     Brussels. 

(See  p.  20.) 

BRAZIL. 

Nobiling,  Oskar,  Rua  Galvao  Bueno,  1 20, 
S.  Paulo. 

CANADA. 

Hogarth,  E.  S.,  B.  A.,  Mod.  Lang.,  Nor- 
mal College,  Hamilton,  Ont. 

Kennelly,  D.  J.,  K.  C.,  Louisburg,  C.  B., 
Nova  Scotia.  (See  p.  18.) 

McGoun,  Arch.,  K.  C.,  Prof.  Civil  Law, 
McGill  University,  Montreal.  (See  p. 
20.) 

CHILE. 

Brosseau,  Jorje,  Prof.  French,  Institute 
Pedagogico,  Institute  Nacional,  Escue- 
la  Militar,  Santiago. 

FINLAND. 

Gustafsson,  F.,  litterarum  latinarum  in 

universitate  Helsingforsiensi  professor 

publ.  ord.     (See  p.  26.) 
Wallenskiold,   A.,    Docent  of  Romance 

Philology,     Helsingfors.     "Conference 

and  correspondence," 

FRANCE. 

Barbeau,    A.,   Engl.,   University,    Caen. 

"Oral  discussion  necessary" 
*Bares,  Jean  S.,  editor  Le  Reformiste, 

1 8  rue  du  Mail,  Paris.     (See  p.  13.) 


Begouen  de  Meaux,  9  rue  du  March6 
Neuf,  Versailles. 

Blondel,  Georges,  Economic  Sociale, 
Ecole  des  Hautes  Etudes  Commerc., 
Paris. 

Chambonnaud,  L.,  24  rue  Manigne,  Li- 
moges. "Oral  discussion  is  much 
better." 

"Noel  Dolens,"  author,  Care  P.  V.  Stock,, 
libraire-editeur,  27  rue  de  Richelieu, 
Paris. 

Ferroud,  Ch.,  instituteur,  Chambery-le- 
Vieux,  Savoie.  "An  international  con- 
ference seems  to  me  not  only  useful  but 
necessary." 

Giard,  Alfred,  Membredel'Institut,  Prof, 
a  la  Sorbonne,  Paris.  (See  p.  18.) 

Havet,  Louis,  Membre  de  l'Institutr 
Paris. 

Henry,  Victor,  Prof.  Sorbonne,  Paris. 

Ledeboer,  Anna  F.,  8  rue  de  la  Pompe, 
Passy,  Paris. 

Panconcelli-Calzia,  Giulio,  6  Quai  des 
Orfevres,  Paris. 

*Passy,  Dr.  Paul,  Directeur  adjoint  a 
1' Ecole  des  Hautes  Etudes,  Paris,  Sec- 
retary International  Phonetic  Asso- 
ciation. (See  p.  21.) 

*Renard,  Auguste,  Agrege  de  1'Univer- 
site,  Caen.  (See  p.  22.) 

GERMANY. 

Branscheid,     Oberlehrer     Dr.,     Schleu- 

singen,  Thuringen.     (See  p.  14.) 
Brenner,    Dr.   Oskar,    Univ.   Wiirzburg, 

(See  p.  14.) 
Bretegnier,  Ch.  E.,  Evang.  Padagogicum,. 

Gadesberg  am  Rhein. 
Burger,  Elisabeth,  Stettensches  Institut,. 

Augsburg.     (See  p.  15.) 
Curtis,   Prof.  Dr.,  Acad.  Soc.  and  Com- 

merc.  Sciences,  Frankfurt  am  Main. 
Diederichs,     August,     Direktor    a.     D., 

Arndtstr.  27,  Bonn.     (See  p.  17.) 
Dorr,  F.,  Head  Master  of  the  Liebig  Real- 

schule,  Frankfurt  -  am  -  Main  -  Bocken- 

heim. 
Geyer,    Ludwig,    Reallehrer,    Durkheim 

a.     H.,     Rheinpfalz,     Bavaria.     "An 

agreement  on  this  point  will  be  reached 

only  by  oral  discussion." 
Goldschmidt,  Dr.  M.,  Oberlehrer,  Naum- 

burg  a.  L. 

Haag,  Prof.  Dr.  Carl,  Stuttgart. 
Hartmann,    Selma,    Lehrerin,  Marktstr. 

47,  Neuwied  a.  Rh. 
Henschel,  Berlin  S.  O.  33,  Lubbenerstr. 

22  II.     (See  p.  1 8.) 

Kewitsch,  Prof.  Dr.  Georg,  Freiburg  i.  B. 
Krause,  Seminarlehrer,  Osterburg,  Reg.- 

Bez.  Magdeburg. 

Kiihn,  Prof.  Dr.,  Knausstrasse  2,  Wies- 
baden. 
Matzat,    Henry,    Director    Agricultural 

High  School,  Weilburg  a.  L. 
Michaelis,  H.,  Rector,  Kaiserstr.  44,  Bie- 

brich  a.  Rh. 


II 


Morf,  Prof.  Dr.  H.,  Acad.  Soc.  and  Com- 
merc.  Sciences,  Frankfurt  am  Main. 
"7  think  the  attempt  should  be  made, 
»ind  thai  only  a  well  prepared  congress 
•with  oral  discussion  can  accomplish  the 
object." 

Rossmann,  Dr.  Ph.,  Oberlehrer,  Wies- 
baden. "First  correspondence  and 
then  a  phonetic  conference." 

Schmidt,  O.  F.,  Gymnas. -Oberlehrer, 
Magnusstr.  12,  Cologne.  "Conference 
necessary." 

Spieser,  J.,  Waldhambach,  Elsass.  (See 
p.  24.) 

Storch,  Prof.  Dr.  Teodor,  Schone  Aus- 
sicht  6,  Meiningen. 

Suchier,  Prof.,  Roman.  Phil.,  Univ., 
Halle.  "Oral  discussion  would  be  de- 
sirable, even  necessary." 

Tonnies,  Ferdinand,  Univers.  Kiel 

Trautmann,  Moritz,  Prof.  Dr.,  Engl. 
Phil.,  Univ.,  Bonn.  (See  p.  24.) 

*Vietor,  Dr.  Wilhelm,  Prof.  English  Phi- 
lology, Univ.  Marburg;  President  In- 
ternational Phonetic  Association.  (See 

P-  25.) 

Walter,  Max,  Head  Master  of  the  Real- 
gymnasium  "Musterschule,"  Frank- 
furt-»am-Main. 

HOLLAND. 

Kramers,  Martina  G.,  Recording  Secre- 
tary International  Council  of  Women, 
92  Kruiskade,  Rotterdam. 

ITALY. 

Manfredini,  Beniamino,  Prof.  Regio 
Ginnasio,  Treasurer  Ital.  Mod.  Lang. 
Assoc.,  Sezze,  Rome.  "My  reply  is 
not  only  in  my  own  name  but  in  the 
name  of  the  Italian  Association  of 
Teachers  of  Foreign  Languages,  whose 
President  is  Prof.  Lovera,  President  of 
the  School  of  Commerce,  Palermo." 

Rajna,  Pio,  Institute  of  Higher  Studies, 
Florence.  "/  think  oral  discussion  ab- 
solutely necessary,  and  I  believe  that  the 
decisions  should  not  be  regarded  as  abso- 
lutely definitive  until  they  have  been  dis- 
cussed by  those  who  have  not  participated 
in  the  conference.  It  seems  to  me,  there- 
fore, that  one  conference  would  not  be 
enough." 

PORTUGAL. 

Lopes,  Daniel,  Prof.  French  Lang.  &  Lit. 

Curso    Superior    de    Letras,    Lisbon. 

(See  p.  20.) 
Rosa,    Ernesto   Carlos,    Rua    D.    Vasco, 

Palacio  Belmonte,  Belem. 
Viana,  A.  R.  Goncalvez  L.  de  D.,  Este- 

fania  1 1-3,  Lisbon. 

RUSSIA. 

Baudouin  de  Courtenay,  Prof.  Dr.  J., 
General  Linguistics  &  Sanscrit,  Univ. 
vSt.  Petersburg. 


*Novicow,  Jacques,  ex-Vice-President 
International  Institute  of  Sociology, 
8  rue  de  la  Poste,  Odessa.  (See  p.  21.) 


SCANDINAVIA. 
DENMARK. 

Black,  F.,  Teacher  French  &  English, 
Cathedral  Grammar  School,  Odense. 
(See  p.  26.) 

Cloos,  Christian,  Frederikshavn.  (See 
p.  16.) 

Forchhammer,  G.,  Director  Royal  Deaf 
and  Dumb  Institution,  Nyborg.  (See 
p.  18.) 

Kristensen,  Marius,  editor  "Danske 
Studier,"  Prof,  at  Flors  Hojskole, 
Askov. 

Morch,  Aage,  Adjunkt,  Herlufsholm, 
Nestved. 

Simonsen,  Elna,  58  Norrebrogade,  Copen- 
hagen. (See  p.  24.) 

Smidt,  L.  J.,  M.  A.,  Blaagaardsgade, 
Copenhagen. 

Thyggesen,  Ebbe,  Romersgade  23,  Co- 
penhagen. ' '  It  cannot  be  discussed  sat- 
isfactorily by  correspondence" 

NORWAY. 

Hermanstorff,  Lyder,  Drammen 
Skaaden,  J.,  Adjunkt  (Master  of  Second- 
ary Schools),  Stavanger. 
Western,  Dr.  Aug.,  Fredriksstad.     (See 
P-  25.) 

SWEDEN  (Uppsala  University) 

Fuhrken,  G.  E.,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.,  English. 
Meyer,  Ernst  A.,  Dr.  Phil.,  German. 
Noreen,  Adolf,  Scandinavian  Languages. 

UNITED  KINGDOM 
ENGLAND. 

Axon,  Hon.  William  E.  A.,  LL.  D.,  F.  R. 
S.  L.,  6  Cecil  street,  Manchester.  (See 

P-  13-) 

Bagnall,  Charlotte  E.  H.,  B.  es  L.,  High 
School,  Clapham  Common,  London, 
S.  W. 

Baring,  Cecil,  8  Bishopsgate  street  with- 
in, London,  E.  C. 

Bullock,  Fred,  Teacher  of  French, 
County  Technical  School,  Stafford. 

Craig,  Robert  C.,  Mod.  Lang.  Master, 
Lockers  Park,  Hemel  Hempstead. 
(See  p.  1 6.) 

Drummond,  H.,  Laburnum  House,  Hel- 
ton-le-Hole,  R.  S.  O.  "Clear  the  air 
by  correspondence  in  literary  and  scien- 
tific press  until  public  mind  is  educated; 
then  confer — if  alive" 


12 


Evans,  John,  Senior  Mod.  Lang.  Master, 
Leeds  Grammar  School.  "The  great 
danger  is  over-elaboration  for  popular 
use." 

Gatschling,  Andreas,  25  Langdon  road, 
Junction  road,  London. 

Haddon,  Dr.  Alfred  C.,  F.  R.  S.,  Lecturer 
in  Ethnology,  Cambridge.  "A  uni- 
versal alphabet  would  be  of  the  greatest 
service  in  recording  the  languages  of  un- 
civilized people." 

Hayes,  Alfred  E.,  49  Vicarage  Road,  Ley- 
ton,  Essex.  "/  think  face-to-face  dis- 
cussion by  the  highest  authorities  abso- 
lutely essential." 

Kettle,  Frederick,  Clapham  Boys'  High 
School,  Clapham  S.W.,  London.  "  Dis- 
cussion and  correspondence  and,  if 
possible,  a  journal  for  propaganda!" 
(See  p.  1 8.) 

Lloyd,  R.  J.,  The  University,  Liverpool. 

Lodge,  T.  T.,  Helton-le-Hole,  R.  S.  O. 
"Let  the  question  of  the  number  and 
quality  of  sounds  to  be  represented  be 
settled  by  correspondence,  then  call  a 
conference." 

Payen-Payne,  D.  V.,  45  Nevern  square, 
Earl's  Court,  London  S.W. 

Poole,  W.  Mansfield,  Royal  Naval  Col- 
lege, Osborne.  "A  conference  if  abso- 
lutely essential." 

Rees,  Rev.  Fred.  A.,  Union  church, 
Edge  Lane,  Stratford,  Manchester. 
To  Question  8:  "My  child  has  been 
taught  by  this  method  with  eminently 
satisfactory  results." 

Richards,  S.  A.,  B.  A.,  Lecturer  in  French, 
Northern  Polytechnic,  London  N. 
(See  p.  22.) 

Siepmann,  Otto,  Head  of  Mod.  Lan. 
Dept.,  Clifton  College,  Clifton-Bristol. 
(See  p.  24.) 

Skeat,  Walter  W.,Litt.  D.,  Anglo-Saxon, 
Univ.,  Cambridge.  "It  requires  oral 
discussion." 

Smith,  G  C.  Moore,  M.  A.,  Engl.  Lang, 
and  Lit.,  University  College,  Sheffield. 

Thouaille,  Albert,  M.  es  A.,  2  Victoria 
St.,  Manchester.  "A  conference  is 
almost  absolutely  necessary." 

Trieder,  H.  W.,  Northbrook  House, 
Bishop's  Waltham,  Hants. 

Von  Luttitz,  Miss  H.,  23  Larkhall  Rise, 
Clapham,  London  S.W. 

Workman,  W.  P.,  M.  A.,  B.  S.,  King- 
wood  School,  Bath. 

IRELAND. 

Staples,  Jas.  Head,  Lissan,  Co.  Tyrone 
(Porttown,  Cookstown).  (See  p.  24.) 


SCOTLAND. 

Baxters,  D.,  10  Gladstone  PI.,  Leith. 

Hill,  W.  Herbert,  M.  A.  (Lond.),  Lec- 
turer on  Phonetics,  University  Col- 
lege, Dundee. 

Thomson,  William,  B.  A.,  Hutcheson's 
Girls'  Grammar  School,  Glasgow. 
"Oral  discussion  necessary." 

QUALIFIED  ENDORSEMENTS. 

The  following,  though  opposed  to  spell- 
ing reform,  declared  themselves  in  favor 
of  a  phonetic  conference,  to  adopt  a 
uniform  scientific  key  to  pronunciation: 

Arctowski,  Henryk,  Member  Belgian 
Antarctic  Expedition,  103  rue  Royale, 
Brussels,  Belgium.  "A  small  number 
of  men,  each  knowing  as  •many  Ian- 
guages  as  possible,  ought  to  work  to- 
gether for  several  weeks  at  least." 

Babbitt,  E.  H.,  German,  Rutgers  Col- 
lege, New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

Bradley,  Cornelius  B.,  Rhetoric,  Univer- 
sity of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Briggs,  Thomas  H.,  Jr.,  English  Lit.  and 
Rhetoric,  Eastern  Illinois  State  Nor- 
mal School,  Charleston,  111. 

Delage,  Yves,  Membre  de  1'Institut  de 
France,  Prof,  de  Zoologie  a  la  Faculte 
des  Sciences,  Paris,  France. 

Dottin,  Prof.  Universite,  Rennes,  France. 

Eykman,  L.  P.  H.,  4  Willemsparkweg, 
Amsterdam,  Holland. 

Gleason,  Clarence  W.,  Greek  and  Latin, 
Roxbury  Latin  School,  Mass. 

McKenzie,  Kenneth,  Romance  Lan- 
guages, Yale  University,  New  Haven, 
Conn. 

Molenaar,  Dr.  Heinrich,  5  Holzkirchner- 
strasse,  Munich,  Germany. 

Oftedal,  J.  W.,  Adjunkt,  Arendal,  Nor- 
way. 

Post,  Edwin,  De  Pauw  University,  Green- 
castle,  Ind. 

Riess,  Ernst,  Ph.  D.,  Latin  and  Greek, 
De  Witt  Clinton  High  School,  New 
York. 

Ritschel,  Director  Augustin,  Plan  bei 
Marienbad.  Bohemia,  Austria. 

Rivard,  Adjutor,  University,  Quebec, 
Canada. 

Shorey,  Paul,  Greek  Lit.,  University  of 
Chicago. 

White,  Alain  C.,  560  Fifth  Ave.,  New 
York. 

White,  Andrew  C.,  Assistant  Librarian 
and  Reader  in  Greek,  Cornell  Univer- 
sity, Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


Thirty-three  correspondents  declined  to  permit  the  use  of  their  names.  Several 
of  these  were  actuated  solely  by  dislike  of  publicity,  since  they  profess  to  be  heartily 
in  sympathy  with  the  movement.  Others  declare  themselves  incompetent  to  express 
an  opinion;  others  confine  themselves  to  a  general  expression  of  doubt.  Seven  are 
opposed  to  any  attempt  to  meddle  with  the  traditional  spelling.  The  utility  of  a 
conference  is  called  in  question  by  only  14  out  of  501  or  2.8%. 


COMMENTS  (CONDENSED).* 

PROF.  CLEVELAND  ABBE,  EDITOR  MONTHLY  WEATHER  REVIEW,  WEATHER  BUREAU, 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  MEMBER  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OP  SCIENCES. 

I  cannot  imagine  a  more  powerful  aid  to  the  diffusion  of  the  English  language  than 
the  introduction  of  a  uniform  system  of  letters  and  rules  for  their  use  for  all  languages. 
When  every  foreigner  finds  the  pronunciation  accurately  indicated  by  the  spelling, 
and  in  a  way  with  which  he  is  already  familiar  in  his  own  language,  the  principal 
difficulty  in  learning  English  will  have  disappeared. 

I  place  the  education  of  the  world  in  the  English  language  as  first  in  importance 
toward  the  unification  of  all  races. 

HON.  WILLIAM  E.  A.  AXON,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  L.,  MANCHESTER,  ENGLAND. 

I  have  for  many  years  been  an  advocate  of  phonetic  spelling,  but  have  realized  the 
great  practical  difficulties  in  the  way  of  success.  The  absence  of  an  authority  qual- 
ified to  lay  down  the  law,  and  the  absence  of  agreement  amongst  reformers  have  made 
progress  almost  impossible.  This  suggestion  for  a  key  alphabet  to  be  used  in  dic- 
tionaries appears  to  me  the  most  practical  and  hopeful  suggestion  that  has  yet  been 
made.  It  follows  the  line  of  least  resistance,  and  has  an  immediate  value  which  will 
commend  it  to  those  who  are  indifferent  or  unfriendly  to  the  wider  use  of  the  alphabet 
as  a  means  of  preparing  the  way  for  a  rational  method  of  phonetic  spelling  for  the 
languages  of  civilization.  The  project  has  my  heartiest  sympathy. 

DR.  J.  BALASSA,  VII,  KERTESZ-UTCZA  33  sz.,  BUDAPEST,  HUNGARY. 

The  difference  of  the  phonetic  spellings  used  now  in  dictionaries,  grammars  and  in 
phonetic  works  is  a  great  scientific  evil.  Everybody  who  has  to  deal  with  phonetics 
or  with  learning  or  teaching  foreign  languages  must  read  at  least  4  or  5  phonetic 
spellings.  And  not  only  the  value  of  the  letters  changes  in  the  different  systems,  but 
the  signs  of  stress,  intonation,  quantity,  etc.,  are  also  quite  different.  For  example 
the  sign  ( :)  in  the  phonetic  spelling  of  the  Maitre  Phon6tique,  denotes  length,  in  that 
of  Mr.  Sweet  and  of  the  Finnisch-Ugrische  Forschungen,  stress;  the  sign  of  stress  (') 
is  used  in  the  Maitre  Phonetique  before  the  stressed  syllable,  in  the  phonetic  spelling 
of  the  Toussaint-Langenscheidt  Method  and  in  that  of  other  phoneticians  after  it,  etc. 

I  think  the  conference  has  to  settle  two  phonetic  spellings :  a  rougher,  for  the  use  of 
dictionaries,  grammars,  etc.,  that  is,  for  the  educated  people;  and  a  finer  for  the  use 
of  phoneticians.  The  value  of  every  letter  must  be  in  both  spellings  the  same,  but  the 
finer  spelling  must  have  more  modified  letters  and  more  signs  to  represent  the  minu- 
test differences  between  the  sounds  of  almost  every  literary  language. 

I  think  if  the  international  conference  of  the  most  eminent  phoneticians  were  held, 
they  ought  not  to  miss  the  opportunity  to  discuss  at  the  same  time  the  most  impor- 
tant pending  questions  of  phonetics  and  settle  them  so  far  as  possible. 

DR.  THOMAS  M.  BALLIET,  DEAN  OF  SCHOOL  OF  PEDAGOGY,  NEW  YORK  UNIVERSITY. 

I  feel  sure  that  you  have  blazed  the  way  to  success  in  this  movement  which  will 
meet  with  least  opposition. 

JEAN  S.  BARES,  EDITOR  OF  LE  REFORMISTE,  18  RUE  DU  MAIL,  PARIS,  FRANCE. 

(M.  Bare"s  spends  $10,000  a  year  in  the  promotion  of  a  simplified  orthography  of 
French,  the  nature  of  which  is  illustrated  in  his  letter.) 

II  est  impossible  de  former  une  langue  universele  sans  avoir  cre"e",  pre"alablement, 
un  alfabet  universel.     La  cre"acion  de  ce  dernier  serait  relativement  facile  et  ferait 
disparaitre  de  bien  grandes  dificult6s,  aussi  bien  pour  faire  aprendre  a  chacun  sa 
langue  nacionale,  que  pour  lui  enseigner  les  autres  langues.     L'idee  de  re~unir  une 
conference  internacionale,  pour  cr£er  un  alfabet  uniforme  sur  la  baze  de  1'alfabet 
latin  est  excelente,  mais  je  crois  qu'ele  ne  pourrait  6tre  acomplie  qu'en  pluzieurs 
operacions  successives.     De  mon  c6te,  j'aiderai  autant  que  possible. 

DR.  GEORGE  F.  BECKER,  DIRECTOR  GEOPHYSICAL  LABORATORY,  CARNEGIE  INSTITU- 
TION; GEOLOGIST  IN  CHARGE  OF  DIVISION  OF  CHEMICAL  AND  PHYSICAL  RESEARCHES, 
U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

To  reform  spelling  by  taking  groups  of  words  piecemeal  and  calling  on  the  public  to 
adopt  change  after  change,  is  like  shaving  a  man  by  pulling  out  his  beard  one  hair  at  a 


*  Comments  not  marked  "Transl."  were  written  in  English. 


14 

time.  The  sensible  way  to  proceed  is  to  establish  a  rational  system  once  for  all,  as 
uniform  for  the  whole  globe  as  possible;  and  then  let  it  make  its  way  into  public  use 
gradually.  Evidently  the  dictionaries  afford  the  easiest  avenue. 

PROF.  F.  A.  BLACKBURN,  DEPARTMENT  OF  ENGLISH,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO. 

It  will  be  much  easier  to  devise  a  satisfactory  way  of  representing  the  sounds  of  a 
language  than  to  secure  its  adoption  for  ordinary  use.  This  can  come  about  only  by 
slow  progress,  but  if  phonetic  writing  once  gets  a  foothold  in  the  primary  schools,  its 
progress  will  be  much  more  rapid,  since  the  only  objection,  its  unfamiliarity,  will 
thus  be  removed. 

In  devising  a  new  alphabet,  special  attention  should  be  given  to  script  forms.  This 
is  a  matter  that  most  alphabet  makers  do  not  sufficiently  consider.  It  is  very  im- 
portant to  avoid  complicated  forms  that  require  time  to  make  with  a  pen.  Children 
that  have  learned  to  read  print  have  the  further  task  of  learning  to  read  script,  and 
our  modern  cursive  writing  makes  this  a  severe  task. 

I  am  heartily  in  favor  of  such  a  conference  as  is  proposed,  but  it  should  be  made  up 
of  recognized  experts  in  phonetics  and  the  other  questions  involved.  Too  many 
zealous  spelling  reformers  are  entirely  wanting  in  the  training  needed  for  construc- 
tive work,  and  though  they  can  find  arguments  enough  against  the  present  system, 
they  can  contribute  nothing  of  value  to  a  new  one.  A  conference  of  such  would  have 
no  influence. 

PRINCIPAL  HUGH  M.  BLAIN,  F.  M.  S.,  WAYNESBORO,  VIRGINIA. 

The  advantages  of  the  proposed  uniform  system  of  letters  are  numerous,  simply 
in  connection  with  English,  and  apart  from  foreign  languages.  The  systems  em- 
ployed by  the  various  dictionaries  are  confusing.  I  own  the  Century,  the  Standard, 
and  Webster's,  and  the  fact  that  they  all  differ  in  some  of  their  symbols  causes  loss 
of  time  and  sometimes  misunderstanding.  The  uniform  system  would  be  a  decided 
improvement.  Moreover,  in  teaching  other  languages,  I  find  the  different  sets  of 
symbols  puzzling  to  both  my  pupils  and  myself.  This  annoyance  and  extra  effort  could 
be  done  away  with  under  the  proposed  change.  Finally,  the  enormous  amount  of 
time  spent  by  children  in  learning  to  spell  would  be  materially  lessened,  and  hence 
saved,  and  our  language  -would  be  opened,  as  it  has  never  been,  to  people  of  other 
nationalities. 

Clearly,  the  object  can  not  be  accomplished  without  a  conference  such  as  you 
suggest.  Opinions  and  suggestions  are  necessary  from  scholars  and  practical  men 
of  all  parts  of  the  world ;  otherwise  the  result  would  be  provincial  and  unsatisfactory. 

The  "Report  of  the  Joint  Committee"*  should  convince  every  doubter  of  the  wis- 
dom of  this  move. 

DR.  BRANSCHEID,  OBERLEHRER,  SCHLEUSINGEN,  THURINGEN,  GERMANY. 

It  would  suffice  to  start  with  a  universal  alphabet  for  English,  German,  French. 
Later  on,  the  "key"  may  be  amplified  so  as  to  include  Russian,  Spanish  and  Italian. 
A  third  and  fourth  amplification  may  comprise  Dutch,  Swedish,  Danish  and  exotic 
leading  languages,  such  as  Arabic,  Chinese,  Japanese. 

All  masters  that  have  to  teach  modern  languages  will  heartily  hail  your  success. 

DR.  OSKAR  BRENNER,  PROF.  UNIVERSITY  OF  WURZBURG,  GERMANY.     (TRANSL.) 

I  agree  in  every  point  with  J.  Spieserjf  as  regards  Question  8,  I  lack  his  experi- 
ence. I  consider  the  difficulties  as  formidable.  For  the  dictionaries,  the  sound  nota- 
tion must  not  be  too  vague;  for  ordinary  use  it  must  necessarily  be  vague. 

PROF.  FRED.  BULLOCK,  TEACHER  OF  FRENCH,  COUNTY  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL, 
STAFFORD  ENGLAND. 

The  broad  foundation  of  the  alphabet-to-be  may  be  laid  by  correspondence,  but 
the  details  would  need  to  be  orally  discussed  at  a  conference  to  be  attended  by  repre- 
sentatives from  all  the  nations  who  are  to  participate  in  the  scheme.  These  repre- 
sentatives ought  to  be  accredited  by  their  respective  governments,  as  Dr.  Passy 
suggests,  if  the  conference  is  to  do  anything  more  than  merely  draw  up  a  possible 
alphabet.  The  work  of  the  Commission  will  be  of  great  international  importance,  and 
if  the  government  of  any  one  of  the  leading  powers  could  be  induced  to  give  its  sanc- 
tion to  the  movement — pour  encourager  les  autres — then  there  would  be  every 
chance  of  the  idea  being  carried  to  some  practical  end. 

*  See  page  33. 
f  See  pp.  24,  26. 


FRAULEIN  ELISABETH  BURGER,  VON  STETTENSCHES  INSTITUT,  AUGSBURG, 
GERMANY  (TRANSL.). 

Many  years'  experience  in  teaching  various  languages  has  forced  on  me  the  follow- 
ing convictions.  The  methods  now  used  in  dictionaries  to  indicate  pronunciation 
are  so  confusing  by  their  variety  that  one  is  tempted  to  warn  pupils  against  placing 
•confidence  in  statements  which  they  find,  for  they  are  but  too  apt  to  be  misled  by 
them.  An  agreement  by  which  these  systems  could  be  replaced  by  a  single  rational 
system,  of  the  widest  possible  diffusion,  ought  to  be  joyfully  welcomed.  That  a 
phonetic  writing  like  that  of  the  International  Phonetic  Association  can  be  easily 
read  with  very  little  practice,  I  can  confirm  from  my  own  experience.  This  or  a 
similar  system,  perfected  and  developed  in  certain  directions,  ought  to  suffice  for  the 
purpose  in  view.  Of  course  the  pronunciation  could  in  each  case  be  indicated  merely 
in  rather  rude  outline,  for  the  very  idea  of  using  the  alphabet  for  different  languages 
would  prevent  the  indication  of  the  finer  shades.  In  point  of  fact,  the  notation  of 
pronunciation  can  be  an  aid  only  to  those  who  have  been  to  some  extent  initiated — not 
a  means  to  learn  the  pronunciation  by  themselves;  in  fact,  the  use  of  a  dictionary 
always  presupposes  some  knowledge  of  the  language. 

The  hopes  which  are  based  on  the  idea  of  a  universally  accepted  phonetic  writing, 
as  regards  an  improvement  in  the  orthography  of  most  languages,  are  well  worth 
considering;  but  their  realization  will  encounter  many  obstacles.  The  English  or- 
thography is  the  most  senseless  among  all  those  known  to  me;  the  Italian  by  far  the 
most  rational.  Experience  teaches  that  we  foreigners,  who  learn  English  mainly 
thru  much  reading,  that  is  to  say,  thru  the  eye,  have  less  trouble  with  the  orthog- 
raphy than  English  school  children,  and  hence,  so  long  as  the  present  English 
othography  is  retained,  the  use  of  a  phonetic  representation  would  be  to  some  extent 
an  additional  burden;  we  should  indeed  be  more  nearly  in  the  position  of  English 
children,  as  regards  the  language,  but  I  am  not  sure  whether  that  would  be  an  un- 
qualified advantage. 

If  indeed  the  evil  of  the  puzzling  English  orthography  were  removed,  the  case  would 
be  wholly  different.  But  a  radical  change  in  the  orthography  of  most  languages 
•encounters  the  greatest  obstacle  in  the  deep  attachment  which  the  most  cultured 
people  cherish  for  the  most  absurd  orthography.  They  appeal  to  the  etymologic 
interest :  "Why,  then  we  should  lose  all  trace  of  the  origin  of  a  word ! " — as  if  writing 
were  a  museum  of  antiquities,  and  as  if  etymologic  studies  could  not  be  more  easily 
and  safely  made  without  forcing  the  nine-tenths  of  the  population  who  have  no  inter- 
est in  etymology  to  carry  the  old  rubbish  about  them  day  after  day. 

Whoever  can  contribute  to  enlighten  the  public  on  this  point  will  do  a  truly  meri- 
torious work,  especially  for  our  young  people,  who  are  forced  to  squander  such  an 
outrageous  amount  of  time  and  strength  in  order  to  learn  something  which  every- 
body after  all  regards  as  preposterous  and  useless:  the  orthography  of  the  most  wide- 
spread living  languages. 

PROF.  PERCY  B.  BURNET  (GERMAN,  FRENCH  AND  SPANISH),  IOWA  COLLEGE, 

GRINNELL,  IOWA. 

I  hope,  that  whatever  is  done,  no  scheme  of  using  a  lot  of  little  fine  points  or  dots 
around  or  in  the  same  letters  may  be  used.  Use  rather  twice  as  many  signs,  all 
simple. 

DR.  FRANKLIN  CARTER,  EX-PRESIDENT  WILLIAMS  COLLEGE,  WILLIAMSTOWN,  MASS. 

I  look  upon  this  movement  as  a  step  toward  the  unification  of  enlightened  nations, 
toward  arbitration  and  peace. 

HON.  W.  E.  CHANDLER,  EX-SENATOR  FROM  NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  EX-SECRETARY  OF  THE 
NAVY,  PRESIDENT  SPANISH  TREATY  CLAIMS  COMMISSION,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

I  have  for  50  years  wished  to  do  something  towards  the  introduction  of  improved 
spelling,  little  by  little — yet  since  the  first  enthusiasm  of  youth  I  have  become  dis- 
couraged. I  began  as  a  phonographer  at  14  years  of  age  and  also  studied  phonetics 
and  the  spelling  reform  under  Isaac  Pitman,  Stephen  Pearl  Andrews,  and  A.  F.  Boyle, 
and  became  a  devotee.  The  importance  to  the  human  race  of  a  phonetic  spelling 
was  so  clear  to  me  that  I  soon  came  to  believe  that  in  not  many  years  an  English 
phonetic  alphabet  would  be  adopted.  My  faith  was  vain,  and  little  has  been  accom- 
plished in  a  half  century.  I  was  sure  spelling  reform  would  come  and  had  no  hope 
that  slavery  in  the  United  States  would  be  abolished.  The  first  has  failed  and  the 
last  has  come.  But  it  took  a  civil  war  to  do  it.  We  can  not  abolish  senseless  and 
vicious  spelling  by  war.  Doubtless  we  made  a  mistake  in  appealing  to  the  public  at 


i6 

large.  We  had  no  idea  of  the.  inertia  we  were  trying  to  overcome,  and  did  not  realize 
that  only  a  small  portion  of  mankind  are  public-spirited  enough  to  persist  in  a  reform 
which  subjects  them  to  constant  inconvenience  and  annoyance  without  any  imme- 
diate personal  benefit. 

The  present  movement  avoids  this.  It  seeks  to  unite,  in  one  solid  body,  all  those 
who  now  have  to  use  a  phonetic  system  in  their  customary  work  and  who  will  there- 
fore obtain  an  immediate  personal  benefit  from  a  uniform  system.  When  a  universal 
key  to  pronunciation  is  adopted  for  the  dictionaries  the  gradual  spread  of  phonetic 
spelling  will  slowly  but  surely  come  to  embrace  all  languages,  not  only  in  a  few  special 
books  but  in  all  the  writing  and  printing  of  common  life.  When  the  key  is  adopted 
it  will  be  of  decided  utility  in  learning  the  pronunciation  of  foreign  languages;  and 
as  these  now  occupy  everywhere  a  prominent  part  in  higher  education,  phonetic 
spelling  thus  used  under  the  requisite  authority  will  become  familiar  to  a  large  part 
of  the  public — the  part  which  sets  the  fashion.  Several  systems  of  phonetic  spelling 
exist  which  are  readily  legible  with  almost  no  study.  Probably  the  proposed  univer- 
sal alphabet,  thru  the  suggestions  of  the  foremost  students  of  the  subject,  can  be 
made  still  easier  of  acquisition,  so  that  those  accustomed  to  the  old  spelling  can 
readily  read  the  new,  while  those  who  learn  only  the  new  can  have  free  access  to  all 
the  knowledge  recorded  in  the  old.  Under  these  circumstances,  the  gradual  spread 
of  the  phonetic  spelling  will  be  inevitable. 

All  that  is  needed  is  agreement  on  one  system,  and  the  obvious  way  to  obtain  it  is 
a  conference  by  those  possessing  the  requisite  authority.  This  is  largely  a  question 
of  money,  for  the  men  with  the  requisite  authority  exist  and  are  ready  to  meet.  A 
philanthropist  who  will  furnish  the  funds  for  the  purpose,  thus  supplying  the  essen- 
tial condition  for  a  reform  which  will  sweep  away  all  factitious  barriers  between 
languages,  hasten  the  advancement  of  English  to  the  position  of  the  world  language,. 
and  practically  banish  illiteracy  from  the  world  by  abolishing  nine-tenths  of  the  labor 
involved  in  the  acquisition  of  reading — will  erect  to  himself  an  enduring  monument. 

PROF.  GEORGE  DAVIS  CHASE  (LATIN  AND  GREEK),  WESLEYAN  UNIVERSITY,  MIDDLE- 

"TOWN,  CONN. 

I  believe  that  this  is  distinctly  a  movement  in  the  right  direction.  All  discussion 
of  so  pertinent  a  question  is  fruitful.  The  practical  difficulties  would  be  the  length 
of  the  alphabet  required,  varying  degrees  of  precision  required  for  different  purposes, 
and  the  difficulty  of  agreeing  on  many  points.  Still,  many  of  the  difficulties  could  be 
surmounted,  if  not  all.  It  seems  to  me  that  we  have  reached  that  degree  of  accuracy 
in  phonetic  studies  when  we  are  ready  to  undertake  the  making  of  an  international 
alphabet. 

PROF.   CLARENCE  G.    CHILD   (ENGLISH),  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  PHILA- 
DELPHIA, PA. 

The  idea  of  having  only  one  script  seems  to  me  admirable  from  the  strictly  scien- 
tific and  economic  standpoint.  I  shall  be  glad  to  help  at  any  time  in  any  way  I  can. 

CONSUL  CHRISTIAN  CLOOS,  FREDERIKSHAVN,  DENMARK. 

My  ideal  is  a  physiological  alphabet,  a  "visible  speech,"  but  founded  on  better 
calligraphic  and  stenographic  principles  than  the  system  of  Bell-Sweet.  If  the  uni- 
versal phonetic  spelling  has  to  be  based  on  the  well-known  Roman  letters,  I  consider 
that  the  alphabet  of  the  International  Phonetic, -Association  actually  solves  the 
problem.  It  might  perhaps  be  improved  by  a  few  modifications;  but  the  less  it  is 
changed  the  better,  considering  the  extensive  use  which  is  already  made  of  it. 

As  a  rule,  every  educated  person  whose  native  language  is  English  or  French  is  now 
wasting  a  couple  of  years  of  his  life  in  loading  his  memory  with'worthless  orthographic 
details. 

PROF.  ROBERT  CRAIG  (MODERN  LANGUAGES),  LOCKERS  PARK,  HEMEL  HEMPSTEAD, 

ENGLAND. 

Your  proposed  conference  has  my  full  approval.  I  do  not  think  people  realize  in 
the  least  what  a  waste  of  time  results  from  our  present  cumbrous  form  of  spelling, 
much  of  which  is  quite  valueless  from  an  educational  point  of  view.  It  is  quite  time 
that  spelling  were  put  on  a  logical  basis. 

W.  V.  DECHEND,  LECTURER  ON  GERMAN  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE,  UNIVERSITY, 

MELBOURNE,  AUSTRALIA. 

Although  I  am  afraid  that  this  reply  will  arrive  post  factum,  owing  to  the  great 
distance,  I  desire  to  express  my  sincere  wish  that  the  proposed  conference  may  meet 


I? 

in  the  near  future  and  achieve  the  objects  set  forth  in  your  circular.  The  alphabet 
of  the  "association  fonetik"  is  based  on  such  rational  principles,  and  its  practical 
value  has  been  so  well  tested,  that  it  might  be  urged  that  there  is  no  need  for  a 
lengthy  discussion  of  a  new  one.  I  expect,  however,  that  a  meeting  of  experts 
would  arrive  at  an  improved  form  of  the  same  alphabet  without  introducing  any 
radical  changes,  and  would  do  for  this  new  alphabet  what  the  Association  has  been 
unable  to  attain,  viz,  give  it  such  authority  that  it  would  soon  be  used  universally 
wherever  a  phonetic  transcription  is  required.  This  would  be  a  great  gain,  and  per- 
sonally I  am  convinced  that  it  would  form  a  great  step  toward  a  rational  spelling 
reform.  But  perhaps  it  would  be  wise  to  say  nothing  on  this  point  and  merely  sow 
the  seed  and  leave  it  to  time  to  let  it  grow  up,  since  we  all  know  what  prejudice 
exists  among  the  great  mass  of  the  educated  with  regard  to  the  sacred  inviolability 
of  the  traditional  spelling. 

I  promise  to  do  my  best  to  secure  the  speedy  introduction  of  an  alphabet  drawn 
up  by  a  representative  majority  of  experts. 

MELVIL  DEWEY,  DIRECTOR  DEPT.  OF  STATE  LIBRARY  AND  HOME  EDUCATION,  UNI- 
VERSITY OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK;  SECRETARY  SPELLING  REFORM  ASSOCIA- 
TION; STATE  LIBRARY,  ALBANY,  N.  Y. 

Your  work  is  one  of  the  best  contributions  to  this  great  cause.  I  thank  you  for  it, 
congratulate  you  on  it,  and  urge  you  to  follow  it  persistently  to  a  successful  issue. 
We  can  agree  by  correspondence  on  a  large  portion  of  the  alphabet  and  get  a  clear 
statement  of  points  of  difference,  so  we  can  utilize  our  time  to  best  advantage. 
There  is  no  question  of  the  immense  value  of  an  international  key  alphabet.  Possi- 
bly we  shall  find  that  the  variations  to  cover  the  foreign  sounds  not  represented  in 
English  may  make  it  necessary  to  have  a  few  letters  with  different  powers.  I  sin- 
cerely hope  not ;  but  certainly  we  can  agree  on  nine-tenths  of  the  alphabet  and  that 
will  be  well  worth  the  effort. 

AUGUST  DIEDERICHS,  DIREKTOR  A.  D.,  BONN,  GERMANY  (TRANSL.). 

Correspondence  in  the  ordinary  sense  would  be  too  cumbersome  and  dilatory. 
The  existing  journals  would  hardly  present  an  appropriate  vehicle.  My  suggestion, 
therefore,  would  be  to  establish  a  periodical  specially  for  the  purpose.  Having  by  this 
means  prepared  the  way  thoroughly,  a  conference,  composed  exclusively  of  unbiased 
experts,  would  offer  a  convenient  means  to  arrive  at  agreement,  and  to  secure  the 
general  approval,  acceptance  and  spread  of  the  alphabet,  which  might  otherwise 
remain  in  uncertainty. 

PROF.  HOWARD  F.  DOANE  (LATIN),  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY,  NEW  YORK. 

I  think  this  scheme  is,  in  contrast  with  that  of  reformed  spelling,  a  feasible  one, 
and  may  be  entered  upon  almost  at  once.  Moreover,  it  will  be  at  once  profitable  for 
certain  purposes.  The  probability  of  its  being  gradually  extended  into  general  use 
need  not  affect  the  cordial  co-operation  of  all,  as  no  harm  will  have  been  done  and  much 
benefit  will  be  derived. 

I  can  see  ever  so  slight  a  chance  that  this  scheme  may  make  its  way  into  general 
use,  though  I  have  never  for  a  moment  dreamed  that  any  other  scheme  would  be 
successful. 

PROF.  CLARENCE  WILLIS  EASTMAN  (GERMAN),  UNIVERSITY  OF  IOWA,  IOWA  CITY, 

IOWA. 

My  interests  lie  along  the  line  of  linguistics,  and  I  shall  be  glad  to  give  my  enthu- 
siastic support  to  any  attempt  to  substitute  something  for  our  medieval  system  of 
orthography.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  hopes  expressed  in  the  circular,  that  the  use 
of  such  an  alphabet  in  the  schools  may  tend  to  produce  some  amelioration  in  our 
spelling  are  well  grounded. 

PROF.  A.  MARSHALL  ELLIOTT  (ROMANCE  LANGUAGES),  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY, 

BALTIMORE,  MD. 

I  am  heartily  in  favor  of  such  a  conference.  For  twenty  years  I  have  worked 
almost  constantly  in  phonetics,  and  the  necessity  of  some  general  system  has  forced 
itself  more  and  more  upon  me. 

PROF.  ROBERT  H.  FIFE  (GERMAN),  WESLEYAN  UNIVERSITY,  MIDDLETOWN,  CONN. 
It  would  bring  unity  into  an  agitation  that  is  now  sadly  disorganized. 


i8 

G.  FORCHHAMMER,  DIRECTOR  OF  THE  ROYAL  DEAF  AND  DUMB  INSTITUTION,  NYBORG,, 

DENMARK. 

This  Institution  for  many  years  has  based  all  instruction  on  phonetic  assistance^ 
to  wit:  (i)  a  phonetic  spelling,  that  shows  both  the  orthography  and  the  pronuncia- 
tion, and  (2)  a  system  of  hand  and  finger  positions,  that  show  the  invisible  positions- 
of  the  speech  organs,  so  that  the  observation  of  hand  and  lips  together  (the  hand 
lifted  toward  the  face)  gives  to  the  deaf  a  picture  of  the  whole  speech  perfectly  visible. 

These  phonetic  devices  have  turned  out  so  valuable  for  instruction  that  no  master 
who  has  made  himself  familiar  with  them  would  think  of  leaving  them  again. 

Considering  these  experiences  a  testimony  of  the  general  pedagogical  importance 
of  the  phonetic  method,  I  welcome  every  effort  that  points  in  phonetic  direction  and 
think  it  very  practical  to  begin  with  the  same  alphabet  in  all  the  dictionaries. 

ALFRED  GIARD,  MEMBRE  DE  L'INSTITUT  DE  FRANCE,  PROF.  A  LA  SORBONNE,  PARIS,. 

FRANCE  (TRANSL.). 

I  think  it  possible  and  highly  desirable  to  have  a  convention  to  establish  a  univer- 
sal alphabet  and  an  international  phonetic  system.  Such  a  system  would  singularly 
facilitate  the  expansion  of  languages  -which  are  already  -widespread.  It  -would  constitute 
a  first  and  indispensable  stage  in  the  development  of  a  language  tending  toward  univer- 
sality. 

PROF.  PAUL  H.  GRUMMANN  (GERMANIC  LANGUAGES),  UNIVERSITY  OF  NEBRASKA; 
Assoc.  EDITOR  JOURNAL  OF  ENGLISH  AND  GERMANIC  PHILOLOGY. 

Some  of  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  an  alphabet  of  this  kind  are  disappearing. 
The  German  commission,  under  Prof.  Siebs,  is  fixing  a  standard  German  pronuncia- 
tion, and  the  next  logical  step  of  course  is  a  phonetic  alphabet.  While  there  are 
fewer  dialectic  variations  in  English,  some  commission  will  be  necessary  to  determine 
what  is  to  be  regarded  as  standard  English  before  a  phonetic  alphabet  can  be  intro- 
duced generally. 

PROF.  HENSCHEL,  LUBBENERSTRASSE  22  n,  BERLIN  S.  O.  33,  GERMANY  (TRANSL.).. 

I  joyfully  hail  the  proposed  conference,  on  account  of  the  associated  practical 
purposes.  The  greatest  difficulty  will  of  course  be  found  in  solving  question  i ;  but 
I  hope  that  this  may  be  accomplished.  That  oral  discussion  is  preferable  to  mere- 
correspondence  is  to  me  self-evident. 

MR.  ALBERT  HERBERT,  PRESIDENT  HUB  GORE  MAKERS,  89  BEACH  ST.,  BOSTON,  MASS. 

As  a  traveler  in  America,  North  and  South,  Russia,  India,  China,  Australia,. 
Europe  and  Japan,  I  have  constantly  been  impressed  with  the  need  of  a  universal 
alphabet.  Japan,  I  hear,  is  on  the  eve  of  adopting  a  phonetic  alphabet  of  Roman 
letters.  Your  work  will  undoubtedly  benefit  all  mankind. 

ANDREW  INGRAHAM,  4  BRYANT  ST.,  CAMBRIDGE,  MASS. 

There  is  a  grandeur  and  dignity  in  the  present  suggestion  which  will  appeal  to- 
many  minds  that  are  merely  amused  by  what  they  have  heard  of  spelling  reform. 

PROF.  J.  B.  E.  JONAS  (GERMANIC  LANGUAGES  AND  LITERATURES),  BROWN  UNIVER- 
SITY, PROVIDENCE,  R.  I. 

This  International  Phonetic  Alphabet  is  bound  to  come,  and  be  practically  univer- 
sally adopted  in  time.  The  date  of  its  advent  must  depend  largely  upon  the  wisdom,, 
the  scientific  accuracy,  and  the  ability  to  agree  on  one  uniform  satisfactory  alphabet,, 
of  those  now  giving  their  energy  and  interest  to  the  question.  It  is  not  at  all  neces- 
sary that  the  first  adopted  be  perfect,  though  it  should  be  as  nearly  so  as  possible,  but 
it  is  absolutely  essential  that  it  be  uniformly  adopted  and  become  international. 

D.  J.  KENNELLY,  K.  C.,  LOUISBURG,  C.  B.,  NOVA  SCOTIA. 

I  have  long  been  of  opinion  that  a  phonetic  system  of  spelling,  not  only  of  English 
but  of  all  known  languages,  should  be  adopted.  The  waste  of  time  of  the  pupil  of 
to-day,  learning  the  English  language,  is  deplorable;  and  on  this  ground  alone,  apart 
from  all  other  benefits,  I  most  heartily  support  the  movement. 

PROF.  FREDERICK  KETTLE,  CLAPHAM  BOYS'  HIGH  SCHOOL,  CLAPHAM,  S.  W.,  LONDON,. 

ENGLAND. 

The  most  important  matter  to  settle  seems  to  me  to  be  the  fixing  of  script  char- 
acters, so  that  the  most  advanced  pupils  can  use  it  in  their  correspondence.  Had 


more  attention  been  given  to  writing,  the  phonetic  reform  would  have  gone  forward 
much  more  rapidly.  Now  that  French  and  German  are  being  taught  phonetically, 
that  is,  not  only  is  the  pupil  expected  to  imitate  the  teacher's  voice,  but  also  to  rec- 
ognize the  symbol  for  each  sound,  there  should  be  no  difficulty  in  pushing  ahead  with 
the  reform,  so  soon  as  the  written  symbol  for  each  sound  has  been  determined. 
When  a  pupil  can  write  the  symbols  correctly,  it  will  be  an  excellent  ear  discipline 
for  him  to  translate  into  script-form  the  traditionally  spelled  and  printed  words. 
Everything  is  ready  for  the  "written"  characters;  until  they  are  determined,  progress 
must  be  inconceivably  slow,  as  a  teacher  can  not  in  his  lessons  waste  time  in  "print- 
ing" sentences  on  the  blackboard. 

PROF.  HERBERT   Z.  KIP  (GERMAN),  VANDERBILT  UNIVERSITY,  NASHVILLE,  TENN. 

For  years  I  have  been  interested  in  a  reform  of  our  orthography  and  believe  it  to 
be  entirely  practicable.  I  have  seen  two  or  three  specimens  of  phonetic  alphabets 
and  have  found  that  fifteen  minutes'  study  will  enable  one  to  read  in  them  as  easily  as 
in  the  spelling  to  which  he  has  always  been  accustomed.  If  all  our  newspapers  and 
current  literature  could  be  printed  'phonetically  for  one  week,  I  believe  our  people 
would  never-think  of  returning  to  our  present  system.  So  near  are  we  to  this  much- 
needed  reform !  We  should  not  be  dismayed  by  the  difficulty  of  representing  with 
absolute  accuracy  every  sound  in  the  continental  and  English  languages.  Absolute 
perfection  is  perhaps  not  attainable,  but  a  vast  improvement  is  within  easy  reach. 

DR.  H.  LOGEMAN,  PROF.  UNIVERSITY  OF  GHENT,  BELGIUM. 

I  strongly  recommend  the  preparation  by  the  Congress  of  two  alphabets,  mainly  on 
the  same  lines,  one  more  detailed  for  dictionary  purposes  (and  other  scientific  works), 
and  one  somewhat  broader,  somewhat  vaguer,  for  the  purpose  of  the  "general 
reader" — and  I  am  afraid  we  shall  have  to  count  with  a  new  type:  the  "Universal 
Reader." 

By  all  means  retain  the  traditional  spelling  for  the  sake  of  obviating  clamorous 
objections.  A  question  of  tactics.  It  will  disappear  of  itself  in  time. 

If  it  is  thought  possible  to  assemble  those  "foremost  authorities"  not  only  once 
but  several  times,  then  the  sooner  they  meet,  the  better.  But  if,  as  I  am  afraid  will  prove 
to  be  the  case,  the  conference  can  meet  but  once,  then  the  longer  they  wait  and  the 
more  they  prepare  beforehand  by  correspondence,  the  better.  The  whole  seems  to 
me  to  be,  alas,  a  question  of  £.  s.  d.  If  we  really  wish  to  reach  the  desired  goal,  a 
Universal  alphabet,  i.  e.,  one  which  is  not  only  recommended  by  Mr.  A  or  Dr.  B  or 
Prof.  C,  but  which  will  have  to  be  adopted  in  future  editions  of  all  the  leading  works, 
dictionaries  and  manuals  and  all — then  the  moral  weight  of  the  decisions  of  the 
delegates  from  all  countries  will  have  to  be  so  great  as  to  carry  all  objections 
before  it.  And  this  can  only  be  done  by  delegates  with  a  proper  mandate  from 
recognized  scientific  bodies  from  all  countries.  And  who  will  pay  the  Americans 
and  Australians  to  come  to  Europe  or  vice  versa,  and  even  a  Norwegian  to  come  to 
Paris,  or  an  Italian  to  go  to  Berlin?  The  "foremost  authorities"  are,  as  a  rule,  not 
those  that  can  afford  the  expenses  necessitated  by  one  or  several  such  trips.  Let  us 
therefore  prepare  as  much  as  possible  beforehand,  and  let  us  collect  money.  And 
let  us  also  prepare  something  else,  viz.,  the  minds  of  the  delegates  (and  of  the  delega- 
ting bodies),  for  one  thing,  to  wit:  that  they  will  have  to  come  to  the  conference 
armed  with  an  extraordinary  amount  of  "peace  and  good  will."  If  every- 
body comes  there  with  a  set  of  preconceived,  1  will  not  say  notions, 
but  of  prearranged  results,  of  which  not  one  iota  may  be  changed, 
we  may  as  well  stay  at  home.  The  delegating  bodies  will  have  to  leave 
their  delegates  much  latitude,  and  yet  the  results  will  have  to  be  binding. 

May  I  append  a  note  or  two  outside  the  specific  program  traced  by  your  questions? 

I  would  then  first  warn  you  against  an  advice  of  my  excellent  friend,  Paul  Passy. 
Let  us  think  twice  before  we  try  to  ' '  induce  any  government  to  take  the  initiative  in 
the  movement."  For  the  question  may  well  be  asked  if  in  this  republic  of  letters 
(I  hasten  to  add:  read  republic  of  sounds')  we  must  not  stand  on  our  own  feet,  and  if 
we  can  "suffer  interference"  from  other  governments.  Seriously:  Must  it  not  be 
apprehended  that,  in  giving  the  thing  out  of  our  hands  into  those  of  any  government, 
we  introduce  that  most  baleful  element:  politics?  Would  it  not  be  much  better  to 
choose  our  own  representatives,  delegates,  than  to  have  each  government  appoint  a 
man  who  may  nqt  have  the  (scientific)  confidence  of  those  whom  he  is  supposed  to 
represent  ? 

To  conclude,  then,  I  would  urge  upon  the  committee  now  preparing  this  most 
needed  conference — 

(i)  that  two  alphabets  should  be  proposed  to  the  conference; 


20 

(2)  that  such  conference  should  not  yet  take  place  (unless  funds  will  allow,  of 
course),  but  be  prepared  beforehand  by  means  of  such  " questionaries "  as  have  al- 
ready been  used; 

(3)  that  delegates  be  appointed — or  elected — who  will  meet,  some  time  hence,  at 
some  place  to  be  determined  by  international  vote; 

(4)  that  their  traveling  expenses  be  paid  fully  or  in  part; 

(5)  that  the  delegating  bodies  should  recognize  beforehand  the  binding  character 
of  the  resolutions  arrived  at  by  the  congress; 

(6)  that  the  conference,  altho  it  will  not  refuse  to  take  into  consideration  any 
linguistic  fact  that  may  be  brought  to  its  knowledge,  will  yet  be  inspired  only  by  a 
wish  to  adapt  the  alphabets  to  be  proposed  to  the  linguistic  conditions  of  the  modern 
Indo-Germanic  languages. 

PROP.  DAVID  LOPES  (FRENCH  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE),  CURSO  SUPERIOR  DE 

LETRAS,  LISBON,  PORTUGAL  (TRANSL.). 

I  am  entirely  in  agreement  with  the  promoters  of  the  conference.  A  meeting 
is  necessary,  in  order  that  specialists  may  discuss  at  length  the  conditions  of  the 
international  alphabet. 

ARCH.  McGouN,  K.  C.,  IMPERIAL  BUILDING,  107  ST.  JAMES  ST.,  MONTREAL,  CANADA. 
I  am  quite  convinced  that  the  general  adoption  of  a  phonetic  alphabet  is  the  most 
important  step  toward  a  reform  in  educational  work,  which  will  not  only  save  the 
time  of  teachers  and  children  but  will  afford  the  only  possible  means  of  spreading  the 
influence  of  well-educated  speakers  among  the  masses  of  the  people,  and  so  improve 
both  speech  and  manners  of  all  classes.  It  is  of  the  first  importance  also  that  the 
work  be  done  by  the  most  competent  scholars,  since  the  whole  advantage  lies  in  a 
scheme  being  adopted  which  will  not  have  to  be  altered  for  many  years. 

PROP.  BRANDER  MATTHEWS  (DRAMATIC  LITERATURE),  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY, 

NEW  YORK. 

The  more  agitation  there  is,  the  more  likely  are  we  to  go  forward;  and  I  for  one 
welcome  any  movement  which  will  tend  to  focus  public  opinion  on  the  subject. 

PROF.  JOHN  E.  MATZKE  (ROMANIC  LANGUAGES),  STANFORD  UNIVERSITY,  CALIFORNIA. 
A  universal  phonetic  alphabet  would  be  a  highly  desirable  thing  from  the  peda- 
gogical point  of  view,  and  I  am  radical  enough  to  believe  that  the  form  of  the  alpha- 
bet itself  is  of  small  importance  when  compared  with  the  principle  itself,  *.  e.,  unifi- 
cation of  effort  and  method. 

PROF.  C.  L.  MEADER  (LATIN,  SANSCRIT  AND  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY),  UNIVERSITY 

OF  MICHIGAN,  ANN  ARBOR,  MICH. 

I  am  heartily  in  favor  of  all  efforts,  especially  concerted  efforts,  to  advance  the 
cause  of  the  international  phonetic  alphabet.  It  seems  to  me  eminently  desirable 
that  there  should  be  a  comparatively  small  commission  made  up  of  say  one,  or  in  some 
cases  perhaps  two,  eminent  phoneticians,  a  lexicographer,  an  editor  and  type  engra- 
ver from  each  of  the  leading  nations.  If  such  a  commission  should  devise  an  ade- 
quate phonetic  alphabet,  and  the  dictionary  makers,  primary  school  systems,  and 
newspapers  can  be  thoroughly  and  permanently  interested,  there  seems  to  me  a  rea- 
sonable prospect  of  success  within  a  generation  or  so. 

PROF.  EUGENE  MONSEUR  (SANSCRIT  AND  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY),  UNIVERSITY  OF 
BRUSSELS,  BELGIUM  (TRANSL.). 

I  endorse  your  project  with  all  my  heart.  For  a  number  of  reasons,  I  should  be 
disposed  to  insist  that  the  international  alphabet  ought  to  be  distinguished  by  its 
style  from  other  alphabets,  so  that  it  may  be  recognized  at  first  glance,  and,  in  par- 
ticular, that  it  ought  to  consist  of  well  designed  characters,  which  might  be  cited  as 
models,  like  the  Elzevir  and  other  beautiful  types.  The  distinctive  character  would 
be  secured  by  the  use  of  upright  italics. 

I  have  set  forth  my  views  on  the  matter  in  an  article  on  "The  Alphabet  of  the 
Year  2000,"  in  which  I  demonstrate  the  utility  of  an  international  alphabet. 

JOHN  M.  MOTT,  R.  F.  D.,  ROUTE  No.  2,  SOUTH  HAVEN,  MICH.;  AUTHOR  OF  MOTT'S 

FONOLOJI  AND  FONOTAIP. 

When  the  rising  generation  has  become  familiar  with  the  phonetic  spelling,  there, 
will  be  no  more  need  of  learning  the  current  spelling  than  there  is  now  of  learning  the 
current  spelling  of  the  i6th  century. 


21 

Correspondence  alone  would  result  in  failure  to  accomplish  the  purpose  intended. 
There  should  be  an  international  conference. 

In  1900  I  had  at  Paris,  as  an  exhibit,  a  Phonetic  English  alphabet  by  which  I  illus- 
trated phonetic  spelling  in  the  following  languages:  English,  French,  German,  Ital- 
ian, Spanish. 

M.  JACQUES  Novicow,  Ex- VICE-PRESIDENT  INTERNATIONAL  INSTITUTE  OP  SOCIOL- 
OGY, 8  RUE  DE  LA  POSTE,  ODESSA  (TRANSL.). 

My  congratulations  on  the  subject  of  the  international  alphabet.  That  is  a  work 
of  first  class  utility.  I  have  long  been  thinking  about  it.  What  Passy  says  is 
admirably  true.  May  you  succeed  in  carrying  the  work  to  a  successful  issue. 

PROF.  THOMAS  E.  OLIVER,  PH.  D.  (ROMANIC  LANGUAGES),  UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS, 

URBANA,  ILL. 

From  the  standpoint  of  a  modern  language  teacher  I  am  convinced  that  a  univer- 
sal phonetic  system  would  save  an  immense  amount  of  time  in  our  teaching,  besides 
making  our  results  more  permanent.  How  difficult  French  pronunciation  is  to  retain 
by  students  who  have  only  class-room  contact  in  our  colleges  and  schools,  is  evident. 
Even  superior  students  forget  in  October  what  they  knew  and  practised  well  in  June. 
I  believe  that  the  presence  of  an  identical  key  for  all  languages  of  first  rank  would 
largely  eliminate  this  difficulty.  This  summer  I  visited  the  classes  of  Prof.  Walter 
in  the  Frankfurt  a.M.  Musterschule,*  and  saw  his  method  based  on  phonetic  charts  in 
use  with  students  of  various  ages.  It  was  uniformly  successful.  The  pupils  re- 
tained a  correct  accent  with  far  greater  ease  than  when  the  historic  spelling  is  alone 
used.  If  this  method  was  successful  in  French,  it  was  almost  as  successful  in  Prof. 
Walter's  English  classes,  altho  there  the  divergence  of  English  spelling  from  the 
pronunciation  made  success  more  difficult. 

The  greatest  difficulty  in  adopting  a  phonetic  key  would  probably  be  in  those 
lands  whose  spelling  would  be  most  changed  by  its  adoption,  namely,  the  English- 
speaking  lands.  It  is  therefore  fitting  that  we  take  the  lead  in  this  important  matter. 

DR.  PAUL  PASSY,  DIRECTEUR  ADJOINT  A  L'ECOLE  DES  HAUTES  ETUDES,  PARIS;  SEC- 
RETARY INTERNATIONAL  PHONETIC  ASSOCIATION. 

You  ask  what  attitude,  in  my  opinion, the  International  Phonetic  Association  would 
be  likely  to  take  on  the  subject  of  an  international  phonetic  congress.  I  will  try  to 
describe  the  situation  as  it  appears  to  me. 

To  try  to  reform  the  spelling  before  you  have  agreed  on  an  alphabet  is  to  navigate 
the  ocean  without  knowing  for  which  port  you  are  to  steer.  In  reality  you  cannot 
reform  a  single  word  except  by  making  it  conform  to  some  alphabet  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly present  to  your  mind.  Of  course,  so  long  as  no  universally  accepted  alphabet 
exists,  even  random  efforts  at  reform  are  better  than  nothing;  but  one  cannot  help 
groaning  to  think  of  the  thousands  of  reformers  working  at  cross  purposes  all  over  the 
earth,  and  thus  accomplishing  almost  nothing,  when  a  small  fraction  of  their  labor 
and  expenditure  would  secure  the  desired  agreement  on  a  universal  alphabet,  which 
would  promptly  become  public  property  and  thus  accomplish  the  reform  with  the 
ease  and  certainty  of  a  force  of  nature. 

The  alphabet  of  the  International  Phonetic  Association,  though  primarily  de- 
signed as  an  aid  to  the  teaching  of  the  exact  pronunciation  of  foreign  languages,  bids 
fair  to  become  the  most  potent  instrument  for  the  spelling  reform.  It  can  fairly 
claim  to  be  more  widely  accepted  than  any  other,  being  already  in  use  in  many  publi- 
cations, including  several  dictionaries. 

Were  every  dictionary  to  adopt  this  alphabet  as  a  key  to  pronunciation,  the  prob- 
lem of  the  spelling  reform  would  be  solved.  Every  dictionary  user  would  thereafter 
be  familiar  with  two  spellings  of  each  word;  the  traditional  and  the  phonetic.  The 
latter,  by  reason  of  its  extreme  simplicity,  would  soon  be  taught  in  every  school,  at 
first  merely  as  a  means  to  teach  correct  pronunciation.  In  deference  to  public  preju- 
dice, teachers  would  doubtless  continue  for  some  time  to  force  children  to  memorize 
also  the  countless  caprices  of  the  old  spelling.  In  a  few  years,  however,  having  had 
constant  occasion  to  compare  the  simplicity  of  the  new  system  with  the  intricacy  of 
the  old,  teachers  would  find  this  waste  of  time,  this  burdening  of  the  memory  with  a 
huge  load  of  useless  and  absurd  rules,  simply  unendurable.  Children  would  cease  to 
be  taught  to  write  the  old  system,  being  merely  expected  to  read  it.  Meantime  the 
older  generation  would  continue  to  write  in  the  old  fashion,  but  would  have  no  trouble 
to  read  the  new  spelling,  since  it  would  depart  from  present  usage  as  little  as  possible. 
Thousands  of  intelligent  adults,  having  without  effort  learned  the  new  system  by  read- 
ing, would  use  it  also  in  writing.  Thus  when  a  universal  key  to  pronunciation  has 
once  been  adopted  by  all  dictionaries,  the  public  will  need  no  further  persuasion;  it 
will  absorb  the  new  system  by  capillary  attraction  through  every  pore. 

*Seep.  ii. 


22 

Let  it  not  be  imagined  that  the  International  Phonetic  Association  has  any  desire 
to  force  its  alphabet  on  the  public  at  large.  The  Association  is  strictly  what  its  name 
implies:  an  association  of  students  of  phonetics.  As  such  it  needed  a  common  sys- 
tem of  representing  speech  sounds,  and  in  the  preparation  of  this  all  possible  care  was 
exercised.  However,  in  devising  an  alphabet  for  use  by  the  public  at  large,  other  in- 
terests will  have  to  be  consulted — those  of  dictionary-makers,  educators,  designers  of 
type  and  of  systems  of  penmanship. 

The  preparation  of  an  alphabet  to  be  used  by  future  generations  for  ages  to  come, 
with  as  little  change  as  possible,  will  of  course  demand  the  greatest  care.  It  should 
be  confided  to  a  commission  composed  of  the  ablest  men  in  the  different  branches  con- 
cerned, and  these  should  devote  to  it  all  the  time  that  may  be  required. 

Evidently  such  a  commission  must  be  international.  If  all  dictionaries  are  to  use 
the  same  key  to  pronunciation,  there  must  be  an  agreement  among  the  makers  of 
them  in  the  different  countries.  If  there  is  to  be  no  further  change  in  the  spelling,  it 
would-  be  foolish  to  run  the  risk  of  setting  up  different  systems  now.  The  problem  of 
reform  is  practically  the  same  in  all  countries;  the  letters  are  the  same  and  for  the 
most  part  represent  the  same  sounds.  An  identical  system  of  writing  would  be  of  the 
greatest  service  in  learning  foreign  languages,  and  in  this  way  become  a  potent  aid  in 
familiarizing  the  public  with  the  new  spelling.  An  international  phonetic  system  is 
also  a  necessary  step  in  the  choice  of  an  international  language;  for,  whatever  that 
language  may  be,  it  will  have  to  be  written  phonetically  and  in  a  way  to  commend 
itself  as  much  as  possible  to  speakers  of  all  languages. 

A  commission  composed  of  eminent  men  of  different  nations  to  draw  up  a  universal 
alphabet  would  require,  of  course,  considerable  expense.  It  is  not  to  be  expected 
that  the  necessary  sum  can  be  obtained  from  public  funds.  Parliaments  are  too  busy 
with  other  matters.  There  is  little  doubt,  however,  that  governments  will  be  willing; 
to  lend  their  prestige  and  authority  to  such  a  commission,  if  the  funds  are  secured 
from  private  sources. 

If  the  International  Phonetic  Association  were  assured  that  there  is  a  reasonable 
prospect  of  securing  the  requisite  funds,  I  feel  safe  in  saying  that  it  would  be  glad  to 
use  its  influence  and  that  of  its  friends  to  induce  the  French  government  to  take  the 
initiative  in  the  movement. 

PROF.  AUGUSTS  RENARD,  AGREGE  DE  L'UNIVERSITE,  CAEN,  FRANCE  (TRANSI,.). 

I  hasten  to  give  my  adhesion  to  the  idea  of  an  international  phonetic  conference. 
Your  work  deserves  full  success,  and  you  may  count  on  my  active  assistance. 

PROF.  S.  A.  RICHARDS,  S.  A.,  B.  A.,  LECTURER  IN  FRENCH,  NORTHERN  POLYTECHNIC, 

LONDON  N.t  ENGLAND. 

The  alphabet  of  the  Association  Phonetique  Internationale  is  to-day  being  used  in 
many  schools  in  this  country  as  well  as  on  the  continent  with  most  beneficial  results 
in  the  acquisition  of  a  correct  pronunciation  in  French  and  German.  Could  it  not 
form  the  basis  of  the  international  alphabet  now  proposed  ? 

One  frequently  meets?  with  the  objection — on  the  part  of  those  unacquainted  with 
phonetics — that  phonetic  spelling  would  obscure  the  derivation  of  words.  The  falsity 
of  this  statement  is  of  course  apparent  to  philologists,  but  it  is  worth  while  to  explain 
why  it  is  a  mistaken  view  to  those  who  do  not  realize  that  philology  is  based  upon  pho- 
netic laws  and  does  not  depend  upon  the  particular  graphic  representation  adopted, 
except  that,  indeed,  the  nearer  this  approaches  the  actual  pronunciation,  the  better 
from  the  philologist's  point  of  view. 

PROF.  GEORGE  W.  SAUNDERSON,  PRINCIPAL  SAUNDERSON  SCHOOL  OF  EXPRESSION, 
HOLYOKE  BLOCK,  SEATTLE,  WASHINGTON. 

I  am  entirely  in  sympathy  with  the  idea  of  a  phonetic  conference.  My  own  work 
has  for  years  been  chiefly  in  the  department  of  English  and  Oratory,  and  my  efforts 
to  teach  the  accurate  pronunciation  of  English  have  been  such  that  I  am  not  unaware 
of  some  at  least  of  the  difficulties  that  must  be  met  and  overcome  by  such  a  confer- 
ence. I  am  confident  that  they  are  of  such  a  nature  that  they  must  be  discussed 
orally  and  can  not  be  settled  by  mere  correspondence ;  but  I  have  given  some  special 
attention  to  phonetics  and  I  believe  that  a  conference  of  the  best  students  of  the  sub- 
ject of  the  world  can  arrange  an  alphabet  that  will  approximately  stand  for  all  the 
sounds  of  the  languages  of  civilized  peoples  of  the  earth.  Such  an  alphabet,  when 
made,  will  be  of  great  use  to  all  advanced  teachers  and  students  from  the  start,  but  it 
w'll  take  a  generation  to  get  it  before  the  people  in  all  the  dictionaries  and  still  longer 
for  it  to  supersede  our  present  alphabet  and  mode  of  spelling.  But  we  do  not  need  to 
consider  that  very  much  yet.  There  is  a  positive  good  to  be  gained  immediately,  and 


23 

that  is  worth  working  for.  What  further  may  be  accomplished  later  we  can  well 
afford  to  wait  for,  and  if  we  find  later  that  it  may  be  attainable,  we  can  work  for  that 
too.  First  let  the  universal  alphabet  be  made  and  proved  practicable  for  students. 
Then,  in  the  end,  it  will  gain  its  way  just  so  far  as  it  is  thoroughly  useful,  though  the 
natural  conservatism  of  the  people  will  make  its  progress  among  them  very  slow  at 
the  beginning. 

DR.  CHARLES  P.  G.  SCOTT,  ETYMOLOGICAL  EDITOR  CENTURY  DICTIONARY,  CENTURY 
COMPANY,  UNION  SQUARE,  NEW  YORK. 

The  question  is  not,  Shall  a  phonetic  notation  of  English  be  used  in  dictionaries- 
and  spelling-books  and  taught  in  schools?  Every  dictionary  and  spelling-book  now 
uses  a  phonetic  notation  of  some  sort,  and  this  phonetic  notation  is  taught  in  the- 
schools.  It  is  never  learned;  but  it  is  taught.  It  is  approved  by  no  scholar,  but  it 
is  enforced  upon  pupils.  Those  who  use  it,  use  and  favor  a  phonetic  notation;  but 
they  use  and  favor  a  bad  and  ineffective  phonetic  notation. 

Since  teachers  must  teach  a  phonetic  alphabet,  why  should  they  not  teach  a  uni- 
form, scientific  phonetic  alphabet,  which  shall  be  worth  learning  and  worth  remem- 
bering? Every  great  modern  language  should  have  for  every  word,  besides  its  con- 
ventional spelling,  an  international,  universal,  phonetic  spelling,  representing  the 
actual  pronunciation  of  the  present  day,  and  intelligible  the  world  over.  Such  a 
parallel  phonetic  spelling  now  to  a  great  extent  exists  thruout  Europe.  It  is  ap- 
plied with  increasing  uniformity  in  dictionaries  and  grammars  having  a  scientific 
basis.  The  philologic  battle  has  been  won  already.  There  is  not  a  scholar,  versed 
in  general  philology,  who  does  not  use,  in  one  way  or  another,  the  general  phonetic 
notation  which  I  have  described.  It  needs  only  to  be  unified,  simplified,  and  dif- 
fused. 

An  international  conference,  therefore,  would  meet  under  encouraging  circum- 
stances. There  are  no  obstacles,  only  difficulties.  It  is  all  a  matter  of  money.  There 
are  scholars  enough  to  do  the  work,  but  they  can  not  go  to  a  distant  place  on  a  purely 
scientific  and  philanthropic  errand,  at  their  own  expense. 

PROF.  MARY  AUGUSTA  SCOTT  (ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE),  SMITH  COL- 
LEGE, NORTHAMPTON,  MASS. 

A  phonetic  notation  of  some  kind  we  must  have.  As  a  matter  of  fact  we  have  too- 
many  of  them.  Nothing  could  be  more  practical  than  for  a  body  of  scholars  to  meet 
and  evolve  out  of  experience  and  exchange  of  ideas  some  one  system  that  may  be  on 
the  whole  the  best. 

PROF.  FRANK  K.  SECHRIST  (ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE),  STATE  NORMAL. 
SCHOOL,  STEVENS  POINT,  Wis. 

The  clearness  and  order  of  your  questions,  to  my  mind,  argue  the  matter  convinc- 
ingly. I  believe  there  will  be  a  general  agreement  among  the  great  body  of  public 
school  teachers  in  this  part  of  the  West  to  all  your  propositions.  Especially  will  this 
be  so  if  the  movement  will  have  the  appearance  of  being  widely  representative,  not 
seeming  the  fad  of  a  coterie  of  reformers  or  specialists.  There  are  not  many  more 
important  movements  in  the  world's  history  to-day. 

PROF.  ROBERT  SHARP  (ENGLISH),  TULANE  UNIVERSITY,  NEW  ORLEANS  LOUISIANA. 

I  have  long  desired  that  something  might  be  done  in  this  direction.  I  am  in  hearty 
sympathy  with  the  plan  herein  proposed,  and  I  consider  it  thoroughly  practicable. 

PROF.  DANIEL  B.  SHUMWAY,  GERMAN,  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  PHILADEL- 
PHIA, PA. 

I  was  much  pleased  at  the  practical  and  simple  character  of  the  system  proposed 
by  the  recent  report  of  the  Committee,  on  the  question  of  a  phonetic  English  alphabet.* 
A  change  in  English  spelling  is  so  necessary  that  it  is  bound  to  come  in  time.  It  seems 
to  me  that  the  introduction  of  a  phonetic  guide  system  in  dictionaries  and  manuals 
would  be  an  excellent  opening  wedge  and  would  gradually  lead  to  its  introduction 
first  as  a  guide  in  spelling  books  and  would  then  finally  replace  the  traditional  spelling 
entirely.  Those  who  read  older  English  have  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  the  words 
in  their  older  garb,  and  the  same  would  be  true  of  modern  spelling  reform. 

*  See  p.  34. 


24 

PROF.  OTTO  SIEPMANN,  HEAD  OF  MOD.  LANGUAGE  DEPT.,  CLIFTON  COLLEGE,  CLIFTON- 
BRISTOL,  ENGLAND. 

Though  the  difficulties  that  are  to  be  overcome  by  this  interesting  proposal  are  no 
doubt  numerous,  I  dare  say  that  you  will  succeed,  provided  that  you  are  determined 
to  win  or  die,  for  you  are  fighting  in  a  good  cause.  I  have  much  sympathy  with  your 
endeavors  and  wish  you  every  success,  for  the  thraldom  of  the  ordinary  spelling  is  un- 
bearable and  a  wicked  torture  of  innocent  children,  especially  when  they  begin  to 
learn  to  read. 

ELNA  SIMONSEN,  58  NORREBROGADE,  COPENHAGEN,  DENMARK  (TRANSL.). 

It  is  impossible  to  agree  on  a  universal  alphabet  by  correspondence.  The  prelimi- 
naries may  thus  be  arranged ;  afterward  a  conference  will  be  a  necessity.  For  Dan- 
ish, the  most  competent  man  is  Prof.  Jespersen.  I  think  that  the  alphabet  of  the 
International  Phonetic  Association,  with  a  few  modifications,  might  very  well  serve 
the  purpose.  The  conference  ought  to  be  held  in  Paris,  to  facilitate  the  meeting  of  as 
many  experts  as  possible. 

J.  SPIESER,  PFARRER  zu  WALDHAMBACH,  ELSASS,  GERMANY  (TRANSL.). 

Your  enterprise  is  to  me  of  exceeding  importance,  and  I  shall  gladly  co-operate. 
The  conference  will  produce  a  good  result  only  if  it  is  thoroly  prepared  by  exten- 
sive discussion  thru  correspondence.  I  would  therefore  warn  you  against  being  in  a 
hurry.  The  best  basis  for  discussion  is  probably  the  alphabet  of  the  Maltre  Pho- 
netique. 

In  the  April  number  of  that  journal,  page  65,  Prof.  Monseur  writes:  "Our  alphabet 
ought  to  consist  of  upright  italics,  so  that  the  printed  text  may  be  a  veritable  model 
of  calligraphy.  I  find  it  absurd  to  print  a  word  in  one  way,  and  then,  in  copying  it 
with  the  pen,  to  give  another  form  to  each  letter."  I  expressed  the  same  view  in  the 
same  number,  page  72.  I  am  now  in  a  position  to  present  the  "  Fibelschrif t "  (primer 
type)  there  mentioned,  prepared  by  the  type  foundry  of  Bauer  &  Son,  of  Frankfurt 
am  Main. 

aabccdefghl  j  k  Imnijoopqr 
sff  t  uiiDTDxy  3 

This  print  is  turned  into  script  by  simply  connecting  the  letters.  The  omission  of 
connecting  strokes  is  just  as  natural  for  print  as  the  use  of  them  is  for  script. 

I  think  the  International  Phonetic  Association  made  a  mistake  in  the  very  begin- 
ning in  basing  its  alphabet  on  the  roman,  not  on  the  italic  type. 

You  may  be  interested  in  learning  that,  by  the  consent  of  the  school  authorities,  I 
have  used  the  above-mentioned  "  Fibelschrif  t "  in  teaching  a  class  of  beginners  num- 
bering 31  children.  The  experiment  began  on  April  25^  1904,  and  on  September  2 
the  class  was  examined.  A  detailed  account  of  the  experiment  is  given  in  "Der 
Hauslehrer"  (Berlin-Groslichterfelde,  Holbeinstr.  25).  Suffice  it  to  say  that  nearly 
half  of  the  children  were  able  at  the  end  of  the  period  to  read  anything  in  "  Fibel- 
schrif t." 

JAS.  HEAD  STAPLES,  ESQ.,  LISSAN,  Co.  TYRONE,  IRELAND. 

I  think  the  matter  is  of  great  importance  for  civilization.  It  is  a  disgrace  at  this 
time  of  day  that  there  is  not  a  well-known  system  of  noting  simple  speech  sounds  on 
paper,  when  we  have  had  for  about  2,000  years  in  the  western  world  a  system  of  writ- 
ing which  theoretically  aims  at  representing  the  speech  sounds  of  language  and  not 
ideographs. 

PROF.  DR.  MORITZ  TRAUTMANN,  BONN,  GERMANY  (TRANSL.). 

The  preparation  of  a  universal  alphabet,  if  successful,  will  be  no  easy  task.  Oral 
discussion  is  necessary ;  but  not  less  necessary  is  a  thorough  previous  discussion  in 
writing.  Suggestions  should  be  sent  in  print  to  all  who  are  willing  to  co-operate,  with 
request  for  opinions.  Their  answers,  again,  should  be  printed  and  distributed. 
The  foremost  requisite,  namely,  a  general  discussion  of  everything  relating  to  the 
question,  might  be  best  attained  by  a  periodical.  It  would  be  no  misfortune  if  the 
written  discussion  lasted  some  years.  Only  after  it  has  been  completed  can  any- 
thing be  expected  to  result  from  oral  treatment. 


25 

E.  O.  VAILE,  EDITOR  THE  INTELLIGENCE  AND  PRIMARY  SCHOOL  ERA,  OAK  PARK,  ILL 

I  am  very  glad,  indeed,  to  see  the  extent  of  the  approval  which  is  given  to  the  pro- 
posal for  an  international  conference  of  experts  to  agree  upon  an  international  alpha- 
bet. It  is  a  consummation  devoutly  to  be  wished  and  points  the  way  to  inevitable 
fonetic  spelling. 

DR.  WILHELM  VIETOR,  PROP.  ENGLISH  PHILOLOGY,  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARBURG;  EDITOR 
DIE  NEUEREN  SPRACHEN;  PRESIDENT  INTERNATIONAL  PHONETIC  ASSOCIATION; 
MARBURG,  GERMANY  (TRANSL.). 

You  have  no  doubt  inferred  that  I  am  glad  to  give  the  desired  endorsement  and  to 
take  part  in  an  international  conference,  in  case  I  should  be  invited  and  be  able  to  do 
so,  and,  in  fact,  to  work  for  the  plan  to  the  best  of  my  power. 

PROF.  RAYMOND  WEEKS  (ROMANCE  LANGUAGES),  DIRECTOR  LABORATORY  OF  PHO- 
NETICS, UNIVERSITY  OF  MISSOURI,  COLUMBIA,  Mo. 

You  are  back  of  a  splendid  movement.  I  am  with  you  heart  and  soul.  Do  not  let 
anything  discourage  you  in  a  simple,  dignified  appeal  to  the  scholars  of  the  world. 
The  movement  is  of  the  vastest  importance  to  humanity. 

DR.  AUG.  WESTERN,  FREDRIKSSTAD,  NORWAY. 

If  universal  use  is  aimed  at  (instead  of  the  current  "orthographies"),  the  alphabet 
would  have  to  be  so  simple  that  its  worth  as  a  real  sound-notation  would  be  greatly 
impaired.  I  think,  therefore,  that  it  would  be  better  to  try  and  agree  upon  two  inter- 
national alphabets,  one  for  real  sound-notation,  and  another,  broader  and  simpler,  for 
ordinary  use. 

REV.  T.  B.  WESTON,  PRESIDENT  CHRISTIAN  BIBLICAL  INSTITUTE,  STANFORDVILLE, 

N.  Y. 

It  seems  to  me  that  this  is  a  move  in  the  right  direction  and  ought  to  command  the 
favor  of  all  lovers  of  learning.  In  the  present  and  increasing  intercommunication 
between  persons  of  various  nations,  a  uniform  representation,  of  the  sounds  used  in  the 
various  languages  would  be  very  helpful.  In  the  pronunciation  of  words  as  given  in 
various  dictionaries  a  uniform  mode  of  representing  sounds  would  be  a  great  desidera- 
tum. If  the  authorities  agree  on  pronunciation,  they  should  agree  in  the  manner  of 
expressing  it;  if  they  disagree,  so  much  the  more  should  there  be  a  uniform  method 
whereby  the  disagreements  should  be  intelligible  to  all.  And  when  a  uniform  pho- 
netic spelling  is  agreed  upon,  it  should  be  deemed  to  be,  and  I  think  it  would  grow  to 
be,  good  form  for  a  writer  to  choose  this  method.  Thus  by  easy  and  not  revolutionary 
degrees  the  phonetic  method  would  become  the  accepted  method. 

HENRY  WISE,  BACNOTAN,  UNION,  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

I  have  been  teaching  the  English  language  for  twenty  years  to  pupils  of  many  ages, 
nations,  and  races,  and  if  there  is  anyone  who  realizes  the  hardships  and  difficul- 
ties which  our  present  orthography  imposes  on  teacher  and  pupil,  it  is  I. 

DR.  FRANK  A.  WOLFF,  PHYSICIST,  U.  S.  BUREAU  OF  STANDARDS,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

I  am  heartily  in  favor  of  an  international  phonetic  conference.  I  believe  much 
good  would  result  therefrom,  particularly  if  the  members  were  provided  with  advance 
copies  of  the  recommendations  to  be  presented,  at  least  a  month  before  the  confer- 
ence is  held. 

There  is  urgent  need  of  such  work  in  many  other  directions  on  which  I  feel  more 
competent  to  express  myself,  for  example,  the  establishment  of  an  international  sys- 
tem of  weights  and  measures,  the  redefinition  of  the  electrical  units,  for  which  an 
international  commission  is  about  to  be  appointed,  the  adoption  of  a  uniform  system 
of  notation  for  physical  quantities,  the  absence  of  which  now  makes  it  necessary  to 
waste  much  valuable  time  in  comparing  the  results  of  one  author  with  those  of  another, 
even  when  the  articles  appear  in  the  same  journal. 

As  all  these  matters  are  international  in  scope,  no  agreement  can  be  reached  except 
by  international  action  to  definitely  settle  the  questions  concerned;  for  the  universal 
adoption  will  be  best  ensured  by  the  weight  of  international  agreement. 


26 

MR.  HERBERT  S.  WOOD,  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE  AND  LABOR,  FORMERLY  EDITOR, 
BUREAU  OF  ETHNOLOGY,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

The  "gradual"  reform  of  English  spelling,  involving,  as  it  does,  frequently  recur- 
xing  violence  to  habits  and  traditions,  is  unpromising,  for  the  simple  reason  that  few 
men  are  willing  to  make  a  constant  effort  without  immediate  personal  benefit ;  while 
the  adoption  of  a  uniform  key  to  pronunciation  for  dictionaries  would  involve  no  in- 
•convenience  to  anyone,  and  would  serve  a  number  of  valuable  ends  quite  apart  from 
its  influence  on  spelling  reform. 

Ethnologists,  especially,  feel  the  need  of  a  phonetic  alphabet  with  the  principal 
elements  of  which  all  dictionary  users  would  be  familiar.  At  present  each  nation, 
and  often  each  writer,  records  vocabularies  and  texts  by  different  characters,  and  if, 
as  frequently  happens,  a  key  is  not  given,  the  value  of  these  characters  must  be 
guessed;  while  much  of  the  ethnologist's  linguistic  work  is  ignored  by  the  public  be- 
cause it  is  not  familiar  with  his  alphabet  and  is  unwilling  to  spend  time  and  trouble  to 
acquire  it. 

Your  efforts  will  be  well  repaid  if  they  serve  no  other  purpose  than  to  further  the 
work  of  the  International"  Phonetic  Association,  whose  alphabet,  already  in  use,  is 
worthy  of  serious  attention  by  all  students  of  phonetics. 

FOUR  DETAILED  REPLIES. 

Space  will  not  allow  more  than  four  out  of  the  many  interesting  replies  to  the  ques- 
tions in  the  preliminary  circular  to  be  reproduced :  those  of  Prof.  F.  Gustaf  sson,  of  the 
University  of  Helsingfors,  Finland  (the  only  reply  written  in  Latin) ;  Mr.  J.  Spieser, 
Waldhambach,  Elsass,  Germany;  Dr.  C.  P.  G.  Scott,  etymological  editor  Century 
Dictionary,  Century  Co.,  New  York;  Prof.  F.  Black,  Odense,  Denmark. 

1 .  Is  it  possible  to  devise  a  universal  alphabet  to  be  used  as  a  key  to  pronunciation 
in  all  dictionaries  of  the  leading  languages? 

Gustaf  sson:  Facile  poterit  in  lexicis  ad  quotidianum  usum  comparatis  eadem  et 

phonetica  litterarum  ratio  constitui. 
Spieser  (transl.).  Yes. 
Scott.  It  is  a  scientific  apparatus  that  is  required,  and  it  is  not  at  all  difficult  to 

devise  one.     Several  are  ready  for  use.     To  get  people  to  use  one  is  difficult. 
Black.     I  feel  convinced  that  it  will  be  possible  to  devise  such  an  alphabet — 

indeed,  we  have  one  already,  in  the  M.  F.  (Maitre  Phonetique). 

2.  If  so,  is  it  desirable  that  such  key  be  adopted  by  the  dictionaries? 
G.  Haec  igitur  res  strenue  agenda. 

Sp.  Yes. 

Sc.  Dictionaries  are  published  to  sell.  When  a  widely  accepted  key  to  pronun- 
ciation exists,  the  publishers  will  have  the  strongest  motive  for  introducing  it 
into  the  dictionaries. 

B.  Such  a  key  alphabet  would  be  of  the  greatest  value  to  dictionaries.  Our 
(Danish)  Encylopedia  Salomonsen  has  a  specially  appointed  phonetist  to  give 
all  proper  names  in  phonetic  writing  (M.  F's  system). 

3.  Is  it  possible  to  give  to  this  key  such  form  as  to  render  it  most  convenient  also 
ior  ordinary  writing  and  printing,  thus  establishing  a  universally  recognized  phonetic 
•spelling,  which  any  reader  may  readily  copy? 

G.   Universali  clam  phonetica  et  possumus  uti, 

Sp.  Yes;  but  it  would  have  to  be  done  with  great  caution  and  expert  knowledge. 

Sc.  Yes.     Such  keys,  much  more  difficult  and  complex  than  they  need  be,  are  in 

wide  use  now  in  school  rooms  and  ir^  philological  works,  and  printers  and  type- 

B. 

should  have  that  advantage,  too,  of  course. 

4.  If  so,  is  it  desirable  that  such  form  be  given  to  this  key? 
G.  et  debemus, 

Sp.  Yes. 

Sc.  The  "universal  alphabet"  must  be  of  several  degrees  of  size  and  accuracy. 

5.  Would  a  universal  key  alphabet  be  an  aid  to  learning  the  pronunciation  of  for- 
eign languages? 

G.  eiusque  ope  multo  facilius  et  nostram  linguam  puram  et  alias  discemus, 

Sp.  Most  certainly. 

Sc.  It  would  remove  the  greatest  obstacle  to  the  learning  of  foreign  languages. 

B.  Most  certainly.  As  the  actual  systems  in  primers,  etc.,  are.  I  learned 
Spanish  and  Dutch  pronunciation  from  Araujo's  and  Roorda's  books  and 
from  specimens  in  the  M.  F.,  and  when  I  employed  teachers  they  found 


27 

scarcely  anything  to  correct.  A  couple  of  years  ago  I  examined  a  candidate 
who  had  never  been  taught  French  orally,  but  had  an  excellent  pronunciation. 
He  had  studied  Nyrop's  Primer  of  French  Sounds  (Fransk  Lydlore). 

6.  If  so,  would  that  fact  contribute  to  render  this  key  alphabet  (and,  therefore,  the 
phonetic  spelling)  more  familiar  to  a  large  portion  of  the  educated  public? 

G.  ita  tamen  ut  singulis  in  linguis  simplici  utamur  clam,  ad  universalem  scitissime 

accommodata. 
Sp.  Certainly. 
Sc.  Yes.     And  it  would  make  the  phonetic  idea  more  palatable  to  the  literary 

public.     It  is  fashionable  to  learn  a  little  French  and  German;  it  is  still 

unfashionable  to  countenance  the  phonetic  idea  as  to  English. 
B.     Such  a  dictionary  alphabet  would  certainly  contribute  to  spread  knowledge 

concerning  speech  sounds  and  thereby  knowledge  of  language  in  general. 

7.  The  universal  alphabet  having  once  been  adopted  as  a  key  to  pronunciation  in 
all  dictionaries,  is  it  probable  that  it  will  also  be  adopted  for  that  purpose  in  all  lan- 
guage manuals,  primers  and  readers? 

G.  Inde  haec  res  latins  extendetur  ad  omnes  libros  didacticos. 

Sp.  Probably,  in  time. 

Sc.  Probable,  and  in  the  long  run  certain. 

B.     The  use  of  phonetic  spelling  in  primers,  etc.,  would  be  greatly  facilitated  by 

a  definite  system  being  universally  adopted  in  dictionaries.     Will  some  one 

offer  all  dictionaries  in  the  world  phonetic  types  gratis? 

8.  If  it  be  true  that  by  means  of  a  phonetic  spelling  children  learn  to  read  and  write 
in  a  few  weeks  and  master  even  the  traditional  spelling  more  readily  than  by  the  pres- 
ent method,  would  it  be  advisable  to  teach  them  the  phonetic  spelling  first? 

G.  Omnis  autem  lingua  per  linguam  ipsam  et  per  aures  discenda  est,  deinde  post 
duos  Tjel  tres  menses  per  phoneticas  litteras  haec  cognitio  confirmanda,  turn  demum 
traditi  generis  litter ae  adjungendae. 

Sp.  Most  certainly'  I  am  at  this  very  time  making  this  experiment  with  31 
children. 

Sc.  Yes.  This  principle  is  well  established.  But  children  differ.  Some  learn 
the  common  spelling  without  great  difficulty.  It  takes  no  great  powers  of 
mind. 

B.  It  is  true  that  children  learn  phonetic  writing  very  quickly.  My  beginners 
in  English — 24  boys  of  1 1  years — pronounce,  every  one  of  them,  after  four 
months,  so  as  to  give  quite  an  impression  of  real  English.  We  use  Jespersen's 
book.  I  never  saw  so  general  a  result  by  non-phonetic  methods.  Children 
ought  to  learn  their  own  language  phonetically.  This  would  sharpen  their 
observation. 

9.  If  by  this  means  the  rising  generation  becomes  familiar  with  the  phonetic  spell- 
ing, will  it  be  necessary  or  desirable  that  the  traditional  spelling  be  retained? 

G.  Retinendae  autem  sunt  et  retinebuntur  traditae  litterae;  quam  diu,  nunc  incer- 

tum. 

Sp.  The  traditional  spelling  will  become  less  and  less  indispensable. 
Sc.  It  will  not  be  necessary  from  a  scientific  point  of  view.     It  is  certain  that  it 
will  be  retained  to  a  considerable  extent;  and  it  is  even  desirable  to  some  ex- 
tent, for  historic  and  other  reasons.     But  it  will  be  ousted  as  a  daily  apparatus. 
B.  By  and  by  alterations  would  be  made  in  ordinary  spelling  to  make  it  finally 

quite  phonetic.     Happy  grandchildren! 

10.  Do  you  think  that  an  agreement  on  a  universal  alphabet  can  be  reached  satis- 
factorily by  correspondence  alone,  or  is  it  desirable  that  an  alphabet,  intended  to  be 
used  by  all  nations  for  ages  to  come,  be  given  at  the  outset  the  full  benefit  of  oral  dis- 
cussion by  the  foremost  authorities,  in  the  presence  of  expert  type  designers,  compe- 
tent to  give  their  opinion  on  the  form  of  the  letters  as  required  for  writing  and  print- 
ing, and  able  to  draw  them  in  proper  form  for  the  inspection  of  the  delegates? 

G.  Internationali  INSTITUTO,  quinque  vel  plures  annos  permanente,  opus  est  atque 
non  solum  phoneticis,  lexicographis,  paedagogis,  typographis  calligraphisque  sea 
etiam  part  numero  mris  feminisque,  ceterorum  et  maxime  practicorum  studiorum 
peritis.  Meum,  si  vultis,  nomen  adhibeatis,  item  quae  scripsi. 
Sp.  Conferences  have  never  yet  brought  forth  any  satisfactory  result,  because 
they  cannot  work  with  the  necessary  care.  A  few  able  talkers  are  apt  to  give 
the  decision,  while  the  best  and  most  thoro  experts  often  have  no  chance  to 
speak  at  all.  In  any  case  the  pros  and  cons  would  have  to  be  extensively 
discussed  beforehand  by  correspondence.  On  the  other  hand,  however,  a  con- 
ference would  have  the  advantage  of  being  able  to  pass  definite  resolutions  and 
of  imparting  to  the  subject  a  certain  authority  in  the  mind  of  the  outside  public. 
.Sc.  Of  course  conventions  must  be  held  for  discussion  and  for  the  propagation  of 
the  scientific  idea. 


28 

B.  Desirable  to  have  oral  discussion  by  real  authorities  not  too  bent  on  extra 
minute  marking  out  of  practically  insignificant  sounds.  My  name?  With 
pleasure.  Good  thing  to  put  one's  name  to. 

OBJECTIONS. 

1.  The  general  use  of  phonetic  spelling  will  render  the  existing  literature  inaccessi- 
ble to  the  rising  generation. 

This  fear  arises  from  two  misapprehensions:  . 

(a)  It  assumes  that  the  average  man  reads  mainly  old  books.  In  point  of  fact  the 
bulk  of  the  average  man's  reading  is  not  more  than  a  month  old. 

(&)  It  assumes  that  the  old  spelling  will  be  illegible  to  those  who  know  only  the  new 
and  vice  versa.  A  brief  inspection  of  existing  phonetic  systems  will  dispel  this  im- 
pression, and  it  is  safe  to  that  the  universal  notation,  being  devised  with  greater  care, 
will  offer  even  less  difficulty.  The  facts  in  the  matter  have  been  well  set  forth  by 
Prof.  Hempl:* 

"We  must  distinguish  between  learning  to  read  a  system  of  spelling  and  learning 
to  use  it  in  writing.  The  former  is  easy,  the  latter  more  difficult.  If  a  reformed  spell- 
ing were  agreed  upon  to-day  and  were  taught  in  all  our  schools,  everybody  knows  that 
it  would  be  very  easy  for  school  children  to  learn  to  read  and  write  it.  The  old  sys- 
tem they  would  be  obliged  to  learn  to  read  but  not  to  write ;  in  other  words,  what  they 
would  have  to  do  with  it  would  be  easy.  We  are  not  left  to  theorize  on  this  sub- 
ject. It  has  been  repeatedly  proved  that  persons  who  have  first  learned  to  read  a 
phonetic  spelling  find  little  difficulty  in  reading  ordinary  spelling.  On  the  other 
hand,  adults  could  and  probably  would  go  on  reading  and  writing  the  old  systems  as 
they  now  do.  The  new  system  they  would  have  to  learn  to  read  only,  and  that, 
being  phonetic,  would  not  be  difficult.  The  degree  of  ease  would  depend  on  the  char- 
acter of  the  new  spelling  adopted.  A  phonetic  system  can  be  devised  that  will  be 
very  easy  for  persons  to  read  who  are  accustomed  to  our  present  spelling." 

2.  The  English  word  "exercise"  and  the  French  word  "exercice"  are  now  almost 
identical.     Spell  them  "eksrsaiz"  and  "  egzersis,"  and  you  disguise  the  identity.     In 
other  words,  phonetic  writing  would  render  it  more  difficult  to  read  cognate  languages. 

In  many  cases  this  would  be  true;  in  other  cases  (shock,  choque;  fresh,  fraiche; 
fay,  fee;  fine,  fein;  house,  Haus;  Ital.  che,  Span,  que;  bagno,  bano)  the  result  would 
be  the  opposite.  But  the  difficulty  would  weigh  very  little,  compared  to  the  im- 
mense advantage  of  being  able  to  pronounce  a  foreign  word  correctly  at  first  glance. 
Moreover  the  difficulty  would  exist  only  for  those  who  try  to  read  foreign  languages 
without  having  studied  them.  The  student  of  French  is  aided  by  the  resemblance  of 
"plaisir"  to  "pleasure"  quite  as  much  as  he  would  be  by  identity  of  spelling. 

3.  The  phonetic  spelling  would  destroy  the  etymology. 

Bispo,  obispo,  vescovo,  eveque,  bishop,  bischof  are  not  written  episkopos.  Is  the 
etymology  destroyed?  We  do  not  write  eleemosyne  for  alms;  does  this  prevent  us 
from  knowing  that  the  latter  is  derived  from  the  former?  We  write  treason;  does 
that  prevent  us  from  tracing  the  word  thru  trahison  to  traditio?  Is  it  a  pity 
that  capital,  chattel  and  cattle  are  not  written  alike,  to  show  that  they  are  etymologi- 
cally  the  same  word  ? 

4.  Phoneticians  will  never  agree  on  the  proper  sound  symbols. 

The  fact  is  that  the  agreement  has  been  growing  rapidly.  Most  phoneticians  now 
use  the  alphabet  of  the  International  Phonetic  Association,  with  only  such  modifica- 
tions as  do  not  interfere  with  legibility.  So  great  is  the  desire  and  the  willingness  to 
agree,  that  many  use  that  alphabet  not  because  they  think  it  best  but  because  it  is 
already  the  most  widely  accepted. 

5.  There  is  no  standard  pronunciation;  hence,  even  after  we  have  a  uniform  sys- 
tem of  symbols,  it  will  often  be  impossible  to  decide  which  symbol  is  to  be  used. 

This  objection  "schuttet  das  Kind  mit  dem  Bade  aus."  The  essential  task  of  the 
international  conference  will  be  to  provide  a  uniform  key  to  pronunciation  for  dic- 
tionaries. It  will  not  attempt  to  determine  which  pronunciation  is  correct.  The  key 
which  it  adopts  is  to  be  used  by  dictionaries  just  as  the  present  keys  are,  and  if  there 
are  differences  of  pronunciation,  they  will  be  indicated  just  as  they  are  now. 

However,  if  the  phonetic  spelling  comes  into  popular  use,  it  is  not  to  be  expected 
that  two  or  three  different  spellings  of  the  same  word  will  be  able  to  maintain  them- 
selves side  by  side.  Even  if  no  deliberate  action  is  taken,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  one 
spelling  will  drive  out  the  others.  It  is  altogether  likely  that  the  example  of  Ger- 

*  Speeches  at  the  Banquet  of  the  Chicago  School  Principals.  Published  by  the 
Illinois  State  Teachers'  Association  and  the  Northern  Illinois  Teachers'  Association 
thru  their  Commktee  on.Simplifi.ed  Spelling.  David  Felmley,  Normal,  111. ,  Chairman. 
E.  O.  Vaile,  Oak  Park,  111.,  Secretary.  Pp.  26-27. 


29 

many,  in  appointing  a  commission  to  decide  on  a  standard  pronunciation  (see  Prof. 
Grummann's  letter,  p.  18)  will  be  followed  by  other  nations,  at  least  for  the  sake  of 
uniformity  in  spelling.  This  does  not  no  mean  that  pronunciation  will  become 
uniform.  Millions  of  Americans  will  continue  to  say  dawg  and  to  write  dog,  and 
never  know  the  difference. 

6.  Deliberative  assemblies  never  deliberate.     If  allowed  unlimited  freedom,  dis- 
cussion becomes  endless;  if  closure  is  enforced,  the  best  arguments  are  often  barred 
out.     Hence  a  congress  is  not  the  proper  agency  to  undertake  this  reform. 

Not  a  congress  is  aimed  at,  but  a  conference.  It  is  evident  that  the  system  must  be 
first  thought  out  carefully  by  individuals,  but  in  order  to  secure  agreement,  these 
individuals  must  exchange  views.  The  proper  agency  therefore  is  a  Commission,  of 
not  more  than  15  or  20  members,  enjoying  the  confidence  of  the  scientific  public  in 
their  respective  countries.  This  commission  should  make  the  preparation  of  the 
alphabet  its  exclusive  task  until  the  result  is  attained.  Very  likely  several  meetings, 
each  occupying  several  months,  would  be  required,  the  intervals  being  occupied  with 
correspondence.  This  commission  may  of  course  be  aided  by  a  consultative  body, 
which  may  be  quite  numerous. 

7.  Without  government  authority  it  will  hardly  be  possible  to  accomplish  any- 
thing; yet  governments  are  not  competent  to  act  in  the  matter.     How,  then,  is  the 
commission  to  be  appointed? 

The  foremost  authorities  in  phonetics  are  well  known.  Let  them  first  arrange  the 
commission  among  themselves,  then  obtain  for  its  members  the  mandate  of  authorita- 
tive scientific  bodies,  and  thru  these  let  them  finally  be  invested  with  govern- 
mental authority.  The  work  is  hardly  of  a  nature  to  tempt  "the  baleful  influence 
of  politics." 


3° 


THE   INTERNATIONAL  PHONETIC  ASSOCIATION. 

Many  correspondents  request  information  regarding  works  on  phonetics.  Ta 
supply  such  information,  and  to  keep  the  students  of  phonetics  in  touch  with  one 
another,  is  the  object  of  the  International  Phonetic  Association.  Every  member 
thereof  receives  a  list  of  publications  on  phonetics  and  is  kept  informed  of  new  devel- 
opments by  means  of  the  organ  of  the  Association,  the  Maitre  Phonetique.  The 
membership  is  about  850,  distributed  all  over  the  globe  (France  101,  Great  Britain 
138,  Germany  190,  Denmark  115,  United  States  33,  Canada  21).  Its  management 
is  in  charge  of  a  Council,  whose  present  constitution  (1904)  is  as  follows: 

Honorary  President:  Dr.  Henry  Sweet,  Reader  at  the  University,  Oxford,  England. 

President:  Dr.  Wilhelm  Vietor,  Prof.  English  Philology,  Univ.  Marburg,  Germany 

Vice-Presidents:  O.  Jespersen,  Prof.  English  Philology,  Univ.  Copenhagen,  Den- 
mark, and  R.  J.  Lloyd,  Prof.  Phonetics,  Liverpool  College,  England. 

Secretary:  Dr.  Paul  Passy,  directeur-ad  joint  a  1'Ecole  des  Hautes  Etudes,  Paris, 
France.  (Address:  20  rue  de  la  Madeleine,  Bourg-la-Reine,  Seine,  France.) 

Treasurer:  S.  Lund,  21  Grande  Rue,  Bourg-la-Reine,  Seine,  France. 

Administrators:  Dr.  A.  Baker,  Prof.  French,  University  College,  Sheffield,  Eng- 
land; /.  Cameron,  Toronto,  Canada;  C.  Cloos,  Fredrikshavn,  Denmark;  R.  Lenz, 
Prof.  English  and  French,  Univ.  Santiago,  Chile;  E.  Monseur,  Prof.  Sanscrit  and 
Cornpar.  Philol.,  Univ.  Brussels,  Belgium;  Prof.  Romeo  Lovera,  President  School  of 
Commerce,  Palermo,  Italy,  editor  Bolletino  de  Filologia  Moderna  ;  E.  Nader,  Vienna, 
Austria;  Dr.  A.  Rambeau,  Prof.  Mod.  Languages,  M.  T.  High  School,  Kansas  City, 
Mo.;  /.  Spieser,  Waldhambach,  Germany;  Ch.  Thudichum,  Prof.  Elocution,  Univ. 
Geneva,  Switzerland;  W.  Tilley,  Marburg,  Germany;  A.  Vianna,  Lisbon,  Portugal; 
A.  Wallenskiold,  Prof.  Romanic  Philol.,  Univ.  Helsingfors,  Finland;  A.  Western, 
Fredriksstad,  Norway;  F.  Wulff,  Prof.  Romanic  Languages,  Univ.  Lund,  Sweden. 


Dr.  A.  Rambeau,  M.  T.  High  School,  isth  St.  and  Forest  Ave.,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
receives  applications  for  membership  in  the  United  States.  The  yearly  dues  are  6 
francs  ($1.17),  which  includes  subscription  for  the  Maitre  Phone"tique. 


SIMILAR  MOVEMENTS. 

One  gratifying  result  of  the  inquiry  has  been  the  discovery  that,  aside  from  the 
International  Phonetic  Association,  a  number  of  independent  movements  are  going 
on  in  the  same  direction.  For  these,  the  International  Phonetic  Association  would 
evidently  offer  the  most  convenient  rallying  point,  and  it  is  earnestly  hoped  that,  by 
thus  uniting  all  the  available  forces,  enough  momentum  may  be  gained  to  accom- 
plish the  object  in  view.  Only  three  of  these  movements  can  here  be  noted  (see,. 
however,  foot  note,  p.  36). 

MAJOR  TERRY'S  WORK. 

On  Feb.  12,  1888,  a  bill,  prepared  by  Major  Frank  Terry,  and  aiming  at  an  inter- 
national phonetic  conference  was  introduced  by  Hon.  William  Warner  (soth  Cong, 
ist  Sess.,  H.  R.,  6895).  The  effort  proved  unsuccessful  but  was  renewed  on  Dec.  19,. 
1901,  when  Hon.  Francis  W.  Cushman,  of  Tacoma,  introduced  a  bill,  also  prepared 
by  Major  Terry  (57th  Cong.,  ist  Sess.,  H.  R.  7473)  authorizing  the  President  of  the 
United  States  "to  invite  the  nations  of  the  world  to  join  in  a  conference  for  the 
purpose  of  formulating  an  alphabet  to  represent  the  elementary  sounds  of  the 
human  voice,  which  alphabet  shall  be  adapted  to  the  uses  of  all  languages." 

On  December  28  following,  the  Everett  meeting  of  the  Washington  State  Teachers' 
Association,  in  response  to  an  address  by  Major  Terry,  strongly  endorsed  the  bill,  on: 
the  following  grounds : 

"We  believe  such  legislation  would  tend  toward  accomplishing  the  following  re- 
sults: (i)  Facilitate  international  communication;  (2)  aid  foreign  commerce;  (3) 
facilitate  the  learning  of  foreign  languages;  (4)  simplify  the  learning  of  the  English 
language  by  foreign-born  citizens;  (5)  encourage  the  study  of  the  English  language 
in  foreign  countries;  (6)  establish  uniform  pronunciation  of  geographic  names;  (7) 
provide  a  simple,  exact,  co-ordinate,  or  parallel,  orthography  of  the  English  language 
for  the  benefit  of  children;  (8)  fix  a  high  and  perfect  standard  to  which  spelling  re- 
forms, the  world  over,  may  aspire." 

In  an  article  in  the  Tacoma  Evening  News,  January  n,  1902,  Major  Terry  quotes 
Hon.  Andrew  D.  White,  Ex-Ambassador  to  Germany,  as  follows: 

"Our  present  system  of  spelling  establishes  a  barrier  against  the  most  important 
agent  in  the  rapid  civilization  and  christianizing  of  the  world.  Our  language  is 
spreading  among  the  cultured  classes  in  all  parts  of  the  world;  but,  what  is  more 
important,  it  is  beginning  to  take  possession  of  the  vast  nations  of  the  East.  I  have 
no  doubt  that  with  the  English  orthography  simplified,  the  English  language  would,, 
within  a  generation  or  two,  become  the  business  language  of  the  more  active  part  of 
all  these  great  nations.  The  effect  of  sending  100,000  missionaries  would  be  but 
slight  when  compared  with  what  would  be  accomplished  if  our  language  were  thus 
spread  among  those  nations  and  they  were  thus  admitted  to  the  treasures  of  chris- 
tianizing and  civilizing  thought  contained  in  it.  I  rejoice  that  the  leading  philan- 
thropists, .as  well  as  thoughtful,  practical  men,  are  all  ranged  on  one  side."* 

Owing  to  a  misprint,  the  purpose  of  Mr.  Cushman's  bill  was  largely  misunderstood. 
It  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs,  but  never  came  up  for  action. 
It  may  be  doubted  whether  the  attention  of  Congress  could  ever  be  gained  suffi- 
ciently to  obtain  even  a  moderate  appropriation.  However,  the  President  has  abun- 
dant authority  to  act  in  the  matter  without  express  Congressional  sanction. 

*  In  this  connection  it  may  be  interesting  to  quote  the  words  of  Lord  Curzon  (Prob- 
lems in  the  Far  East,  1894) : 

"The  improvement  of  existing  and  the  creation  of  new  means  of  communication 
are  rapidly  developing  a  solidarity  between  the  East  and  the  West,  which  our  grand- 
parents would  have  deemed  impossible.  Fusion,  and  not  disintegration,  will  be  the 
keynote  of  the  progress  of  the  coming  century.  There  remain  now  but  few  countries 
to  which  access  has  not  already  been  gained  .  .  .  and  this  task  will  be  facilitated 
by  the  increasing  diffusion  of  the  English  tongue.  Already  spoken  in  every  store 
from  Yokohama  to  Rangoon,  already  taught  in  the  military  and  naval  colleges  of 
China  and  in  the  schools  of  Japan  and  Siam,  already  employed  in  the  telegraphic 
service  of  Japan,  China,  and  Korea,  and  stamped  upon  the  silver  coins  that  issue 
from  the  mints  of  Osaka  and  Canton,  already  used  by  Chinamen  themselves  as  a 
means  of  communication  between  subjects  of  different  provinces  of  their  mighty 
empire,  it  is  destined  with  absolute  certainty  to  be  the  language  of  the  Far  East. 
Its  sound  will  go  out  into  all  lands  and  its  words  unto  the  ends  of  the  world." 

Under  the  heading  "The  victorious  march  of  the  English  language,"  the  Deutsche 
Export-Revue  (Berlin,  1904-5,  No.  20,  15  Jan.),  says: 


MR.  RUPPENTHAI/S  WORK. 

In  the  Scientific  American  of  August  10,  1901,  Mr.  J.  C.  Ruppenthal  published  an 
article  giving  a  very  clear  and  complete  statement  of  the  problem.  With  the  cour- 
teous permission  of  the  author  and  of  the  Scientific  American  the  article  is  reproduced 
here. 

AN  UNIVERSAL  ALPHABET. 
BY  J.  C.  RUPPSNTHAI,,  LL.  B.,  Russell,  Kan. 

In  the  National  Review  of  a  few  months  ago,  the  Chinese  Minister  to  England,  Sir 
Chihchen  Lofengluh,  in  a  thoughtful  article,  said :  "The  world  is  in  want  of  a  universal 
written  language,"  and  after  adding  that  we  are  drifting  to.  the  Chinese  way — symbolic 
language — adds :  ' '  For  whether  you  know  it  or  not,  or  wish  it  or  not,  you  are  drifting 
toward  a  universal  language  in  obedience  to  the  law  of  evolution."  About  the  same 
time  the  American  journals  stated,  as  a  news  item:  "There  is  now  a  conference  of  a 
European  Academy  of  Science  at  Wiesbaden  on  the  possibility  of  all  nations  adopt- 
ing a  uniform  scientific  and  commercial  language.  They  favor  Latin  for  scientific  and 
English  for  commercial  use."  A  few  years  ago  the  students  of  Volapuk  had  high 
hopes  that  their  exact,  scientific  language  would  soon  be  the  world-language  that 
every  person  of  average  intelligence  would  know  in  addition  to  his  mother-tongue. 

In  this  age  of  electric  communication  and  rapid  transportation  the  "wide,  wide 
world  "  of  old  has  shrunken  to  inconsiderable  bounds,  and  all  men  are  neighbors.  The 
events  of  the  last  three  years  have  brought  this  home  to  the  American  people  as  never 
before.  The  close  inter-relations  of  the  peoples  of  every  part  of  the  globe,  and  more 
especially  our  wider  sphere  in  the  Orient,  as  well  as  in  the  Antilles,  have  given  us  re- 
newed interest  in  the  matter  of  universal  speech,  and  impressed  us  with  its  import- 
ance and  desirability  to  the  diplomat,  the  statesman,  the  soldier,  the  merchant, 
the  missionary,  the  traveler,  and  the  scientist. 

It  is  not  lack  of  appreciation  of  an  universal  tongue — written,  spoken,  and  under- 
stood everywhere — that  has  prevented  Volapuk  and  similar  artificial  languages  from 
•coming  into  general  use.  At  least  one  reason  may  be  found  within  the  very  name — 
Volapuk.  Here  is  an  aspirant  to  the  throne  of  the  world,  yet  what  is  its  name?  No 
person  whose  mother-tongue  is  English,  can  tell,  until  he  has  been  taught  the  pronun- 
ciation of  the  word  Volapuk.  At  the  very  threshold  of  the  study,  here  was  a  great 
stumbling-block.  With  six  sounds  represented  by  o,  seven  by  a,  and  five  by  u  in  our 
language  (and  the  u  umlaut  totally  foreign),  the  first  requisite  in  learning  the  new 
speech  was  to  find  out  definitely  the  phonic  values  of  the  letters  used.  There  are  252 
possible  pronunciations  of  the  letters,  v-o-l-a-p-ti-k,  and  756  if  the  accent  be  varied. 

The  investigation  of  the  principles  of  a  progressive  movement  sometimes  reveals 
the  need  of  a  primary  reform  to  which  the  investigated  movement  is  but  secondary. 
Thus  it  appears  that  in  attempting  to  establish  an  universal  language,  the  beginning 
should  be  with  the  elementary  sounds  used  in  human  speech,  and  the  characters  or 
letters  representing  such  sounds.  A  simple,  scientific,  universal  alphabet  is  needed 
in  the  making  of  an  universal  language,  or  the  reformation  and  simplification  of  those 
existing.  English,  with  its  26  signs  used  to  represent  from  40  to  45  different  sounds, 
has  especial  need  of  an  universal  alphabet  to  simplify  it  and  to  extend  its  use,  whether 
in  Cuba,  Luzon,  or  elsewhere. 

An  universal  alphabet  should  be  based  on  the  principle  of  representing  each  sound 
by.  a  single  sign  which  should  stand  for  one  (and  only  one)  simple  elementary  sound. 
Every  sound  made  by  the  human  voice  and  used,  either  alone  or  combined  with  other 
sounds,  to  express  an  idea,  should  have  a  character  to  represent  it.  Into  such  an 
alphabet  all  written  languages,  whether  living  or  dead,  could  be  transliterated.  The 
dialects  of  unlettered  races  would  find  in  this  a  written  and  printed  form  to  meet 
every  possible  demand.  No  further  sets  of  arbitrary  characters  would  need  to  be 
devised,  as  has  been  done  for  the  American  Indian,  African  and  South  Sea  tribes. 
To  the  aborigine,  or  to  him  whose  vernacular  is  a  local  dialect,  the  universal  alphabet 
would  be  as  acceptable  as  though  designed  for  his  especial  use,  while  to  the  scientist 
it  would  be  an  incalculable  saving  of  valuable  time  and  effort  if  he  were  not  obliged 

"The  British  press  has  good  cause  to  refer  to  the  Hull  Conference  as  another  illus- 
tration of  the  victorious  march  of  the  English  language  towards  the  position  of  the 
undisputed  world  language.  An  overwhelming  majority  of  the  commission,  presided 
over  by  a  Frenchman,  voted  for  English  instead  of  French,  which  has  hitherto  been 
the  diplomatic  language.  The  same  was  true  of  the  great  conference  which  took 
place  in  Berlin  in  1879.  In  view  of  the  vast  development  of  the  United  States  as  a 
world  power,  and  in  view  of  the  enormous  extent  of  the  British  colonies,  it  is  plain 
that  English  must  sooner  or  later  be  left  without  competitors  as  the  world  language." 


33 

to  learn  a  new  alphabet  for  each  race  or  tribe.  It  may  be  remarked  parenthetically 
that  Prof.  Richard  T.  Colburn,  in  his  lecture  on  "Improvident  Civilization,"  places 
diversity  of  languages  among  the  "eight  great  wastes  of  vital  force  in  our  times." 

The  adoption  of  Occidental  ways  by  the  Japanese  and  the  constant  inroad  of  West- 
ern ideas  in  China — whether  dismembered  or  intact — make  it  probable  that  the  word 
sign  method  in  vogue  among  Mongolians  will  be  superseded  by  something  less  com- 
plex. Will  it  be  English? 

The  vast  numbers  of  people  who  speak  English,  estimated  to-day  at  130,000,000; 
their  wide  dispersion  over  the  globe;  their  extensive  literature  and  numerous  period- 
icals; the  ceaseless  advance  of  their  speech  over  new  territory  and  its  adoption  by 
ever-increasing  hosts,  place  this  once-insular  language  at  the  head  in  the  march  for 
universal  lingual  dominion.  But  even  Chauvinists  on  the  subject  may  see  that  this 
dream  of  supremacy  is  far  from  realization  unless  the  illogical  spelling  of  English — 
the  quintessence  of  absurdity — is  changed.'  The  ghosts  of  departed  sounds  that 
now  troop  along  as  silent  letters  in  most  English  words,  the  many  characters  and 
combinations  standing  for  one  sound,  and  the  many  sounds  represented  by  a  single 
letter,  may  be  insuperable  obstacles  to  the  speedy  acceptance  of  English  by  other 
nations.  The  New  York  Press  said  about  two  years  ago :  ' '  English  is  becoming  the 
language  of  the  commercial  world.  China,  Japan  and  Mexico  have  lately  taken  it  up 
in  the  schools."  (Now  we  must  add  Cuba,"Porto  Rico  and  the  Philippines.)  "The 
queer  and  sometimes  awkward  features  of  English  orthography  are  the  only  blocks 
to  the  general  acceptance  of  our  tongue  in  commercial  dealings."  At  present  an 
^nglish-speaking  child  must  first  learn  a  quadruple  alphabet,  consisting  of  capital 
and  lower-case  Roman  letters,  and  large  and  small  script — 104  different  characters 
which  must  be  recognized  at  first  sight — to  say  nothing  of  italics,  black-letter  and 
display  type.  The  doorway  into  the  temple  of  learning  is  almost  choked  with  rub- 
bish which  even  the  smallest  toddlers  must  climb  over,  or 

"  Knowledge  to  their  eyes  her  ample  page, 
Rich  with  the  spoils  of  time,  will  ne'er  unroll." 

The  student  now  finds  ten  or  more  standard  English  dictionaries.  In  each  he 
needs  to  learn  a  key  to  pronunciation — really  a  new  alphabet — before  he  can  freely 
and  fully  use  the  work. 

A  scientific  universal  alphabet  would  remedy  all  this,  and  from  the  outset  would  be 
the  standard  of  pronunciation  in  all  the  dictionaries  of  every  language,  until  such 
time  as  the  language  itself  (where  written)  would  be  transliterated,  needing  no  indi- 
cations of  proper  pronunciation  other  than  the  simple  (universal)  letters  composing 
the  word.  To-day  our  newspapers  and  magazines  rarely  indicate  the  pronunciation 
of  new  words — even  before  they  are  generally  added  in  supplements  to  dictionaries — 
because  this  cannot  be  done  except  in  a  roundabout  and  unsatisfactory  way.  As  soon 
as  a  universal  alphabet  is  adopted  by  representative  scientific  bodies,  or  authorized  by 
law,  or  both,  fonts  of  the  new  type  will  be  found  in  almost  every  printing  establish- 
ment, as  italics  now  are,  and  linotype  machines  will  be  built  to  meet  the  new  demand. 
First,  the  new  alphabet  would  be  used  in  the  public  prints  for  pronunciations,  foreign 
proper  names,  etc.  Then  it  would  be  taken  up  for  international  correspondence,  for 
names  of  ships,  for  signboards  of  railway  stations,  streets  in  large  cities,  etc.  It 
would  speedily  be  used  in  international  publications  like  those  of  the  Bureau  of  Amer- 
ican Republics. 

It  may  be  said  further  that  the  English-speaking  student,  after  mastering  104  let- 
ters in  his  own  language,  besides  numerals  and  marks  (punctuating,  diacritical  and 
arbitrary)  is  still  among  the  breakers  near  shore,  if  he  incline  to  linguistics.  For 
each  European  language  that  he  takes  up,  he  must  learn  another  double  alphabet  for 
reading,  or  quadruple,  if  writing  be  added.  This  is  true  even  when  the  Roman  letters 
are  used,  for  their  phonic  value  is  different  from  that  given  them  in  English.  The 
Oriental  languages  are  yet  more  difficult  and  complicated. 

The  objection  that  any  change  of  alphabet — or  of  spelling  perhaps — will  render 
the  vast  accumulations  of  literature,  especially  English,  as  difficult  of  access  as  if  now 
in  a  foreign  tongue,  is  met  by  the  reply  that  the  progress  of  printing  is  such  as  to 
insure  the  prompt  publishing  in  the  new  way,  of  all  that  is  valuable  at  least,  what- 
ever alphabet  or  spelling  may  be  adopted.  The  improvement  in  machinery  is  so 
great  and  so  rapid  that  the  cost  will  not  be  excessive  in  all  literature  that  interests 
the  masses,  and  will  probably  decrease  in  a  short  time  in  those  works  that  interest 
the  scientific  few.  All  the  stores  of  the  present  time  may  still  be  studied  by  the  pa- 
tient searcher  after  truth  with  every  advantage  he  now  has.  The  general  use  of  such 
universal  alphabet  would  revolutionize  the  curricula  of  the  common  schools  and  of 
higher  institutions  as  well.  All  of  the  time  now  wasted  on  the  study  of  spelling  could 
be  devoted  to  some  other  branch  that  would  be  as  effective  for  mental  drill,  and  yet 
would  be  useful.  Most  of  the  time  now  devoted  to  reading — or,  rather,  its  rudiments 
—in  the  elementary  grades  would  be  saved,  to  the  gain  of  the  pupil  in  actual  know- 


34 

ledge.  This  would  shorten  the  year  of  work  in  the  common  schools  and  enable  pupils 
to  enter  high  schools  at  an  earlier  age,  or,  perhaps,  better  still,  would  give  the  time 
needed  for  industrial  training,  which  is  now  not  to  be  thought  of.  The  high  schools 
and  colleges  would  find  the  languages  simplified,  particularly  in  the  elementary  work. 
It  is  not  necessary  now  to  determine  when,  where,  or  by  whom  the  universal  alpha- 
bet shall  be  devised.  It  may  be  that  a  world's  parliament  can  be  held  for  considera- 
tion of  this  subject  at  some  of  the  future  international  expositions.  For  the  present 
it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  the  linguist,  the  philologist,  the  oculist,  the  orthographer  and 
other  scientists  should  unite  their  learning  to  produce  an  alphabet  which  will  be  com- 
plete— which  will  correctly  represent  all  the  sounds  of  living  tongues  and  dialects, 
and  of  the  dead  languages  so  far  as  can  now  be  determined — which  will  be  simple  and 
pleasing  in  form,  suitable  for  writing,  printing  and  engraving — with  capital  and  small 
letters  alike,  except  in  size,  and  with  cursive,  printed  and  engraved  forms  differing  as 
little  as  possible,  having  due  regard  to  their  several  needs  and  purposes;  which  shall 
minimize  the  strain  on  the  eyes  that  comes  from  similarity  of  characters,  hair  lines, 
etc.,  and  which  shall  blaze  the  way  for  an  universal  language  that  shall  make  feasible 
"the  Parliament  of  Man,  the  federation  of  the  world."  The  position  of  the  vocal 
organs  in  producing  the  various  sounds,  from  the  full  A  (h)  of  Indo-European  lan- 
guages, to  the  Hottentot  click,  must  be  definitely  determined  and  recorded.  Then, 
with  an  universal  system  of  punctuation  and  accent,  any  person  who  has  once  learned 
:the  alphabet  will  be  able  to  read  correctly  any  transliterated  language,  though  he 
may  not  understand  a  word  of  it. 

MR.  V  AIDE'S  WORK  (JOINT  COMMITTEE). 

Thru  the  exertions  of  Mr.  K.  O.  Vaile,  a  veteran  educator  and  editor  of 
educational  journals,  and  one  of  the  most  tireless  workers  for  phonetic  reform,  the 
National  Educational  Association  invited  the  American  Philological  Association  and 
the  Modern  Language  Association  to  a  conference  to  devise  a  uniform  key  to  pro- 
nunciation for  dictionaries  and  text-books.  The  conference  met  at  Boston  on  July 
9,  1903,  and  as  a  result  of  its  deliberations  a  "Joint  Committee"  was  appointed,  con- 
sisting of  Prof.  Calvin  Thomas,  Head  of  Department  of  Germanic  Languages, 
Columbia  University,  as  chairman;  Prof.  George  Hempl,  at  that  time  president  both 
••of  the  Philological  Association  and  of  the  Modern  Language  Association;  Dr.  Charles 
P.  G.  Scott,  a  lexicographer  of  large  experience;  Prof.  O.  F.  Emerson,  secretary  of 
the  American  Dialect  Society  and  an  investigator  of  the  history  of  English  sounds; 
-and  Mr.  Vaile. 

After  repeated  meetings,  the  report  of  the  committee,  in  the  preparation  of  which 
Prof.  Hempl  is  said  to  have  "pulled  the  stroke  oar,"  appeared  on  September  i,  1904. 
It  is  a  masterly  discussion  of  the  problem  and  constitutes  one  of  the  most  important 
landmarks  in  the  phonetic  movement. 

Various  correspondents  have  asked  whether  the  Joint  Committee  has  not  practi- 
cally accomplished  all  that  the  International  Phonetic  Conference  is  designed  to 
accomplish.  First  of  all,  an  American  committee,  representing  only  one-half  of  the 
English-speaking  world,  can  not  expect  that  the  other  half,  the  British  empire,  will 
accept  a  result  in  which  it  has  had  no  voice.  In  fact,  the  Committee  calls  its  report 
"preliminary,"  and  all  its  members  will  be  found  among  the  endorsers  of  the  inter- 
national conference.  If  the  makers  of  dictionaries  are  to  adopt  a  uniform  notation,  it 
must  be  invested  with  such  authority  as  to  afford  to  them  a  reasonable  certainty  that 
it  will  not  be  changed  again  within  calculable  time.  Evidently  the  authority  of  an 
international  commission  would  weigh  far  more  than  that  of  any  other.  If  the  pho- 
netic spelling  is  to  be  gradually  extended  into  daily  use,  it  can  only  be  done  by  con- 
centrating the  efforts  of  all  its  advocates  on  a  single  system.  Evidently  an  inter- 
national system  would  possess  far  greater  momentum  than  a  merely  national  one. 
The  great  aid  which  it  would  afford  in  the  study  of  foreign  languages  would  make  it 
familiar  to  a  great  multitude  of  persons  who  would  regard  it  with  apathy  or  even 
aversion  when  applied  to  their  own  language.  Above  all,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  the  sounds  of  the  leading  European  languages  are  for  the  most  part  nearly 
identical,  and  that  there  is  a  decided  movement  in  all  the  advanced  nations  to  adopt 
phonetic  alphabets.  If  each  nation  does  this  for  itself,  we  shall  be  confronted  with 
the  dilemma  that  either  needless  differences  will  be  permanently  established  between 
the  languages,  or,  if  there  is  to  be  identity  of  writing  to  correspond  with  the  practical 
identity  of  sounds,  certain  nations  will  be  forced  to  abandon  their  laboriously  con- 
structed systems  in  order  to  conform  to  the  system  of  another  nation.  If  one  reform 
is  a  painful  operation,  is  it  humane  to  subject  the  speakers  of  certain  languages  to  two 
reforms?  The  obvious  precaution,  the  reasonable,  neighborly,  courteous  method  is 
an  agreement  by  the  common  consent  of  all  the  nations  concerned,  and  now  is  the 
time  to  secure  it,  while  as  yet  none  of  the  contending  alphabets  have  found  any 
degree  of  acceptance. 


35 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 

Previous  to  the  issue  of  the  present  circular,  the  expenses  of  the  inquiry,  consider- 
ably over  $100,  were  borne  by  the  originator  of  the  movement.  To  meet  the  ex- 
penses of  the  present  circular,  contributions  have  been  received  as  follows,  in  chrono- 
logic order: 

Dr. T.  A.  Crampton,  Internal  Revenue,  Treasury,  Washington,  D.  C $i  .00 

Dr.  Thomas  M.  Balliet,  Dean,  School  of  Pedagogy,  N.  Y.  University 5.00 

Prof.  A.  Marshall  Elliott,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore i .  oo 

Mr.  G.  K.  Gilbert,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington 5 .00 

Mr.  A.  Ingraham,  4  Bryant  St.,  Cambridge,  Mass i .  oo 

Mr.  Matthew  N.  Howard,  488  Nostrand  Ave.,  Brooklyn 10.00 

Mr.  J.  C.  Ruppenthal,  County  Attorney,  Russell,  Kansas i .  oo 

Mr.  Walter  Harvey  Weed,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington 2 .  oo 

Prof.  C.  C.  Ayer,  State  University,  Boulder,  Colorado 5 .  oo 

Prof.  John  R.  Scott,  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Mo 5 .  oo 

Mrs.  Helen  S.  Moss,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington i .  oo 

Prof.  J.  S.  Nollen,  Indiana  University,  Bloomington,  Ind 2.00 

Prof.  W.  K.  Prentice,  Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J oo 

Prof.  James  A.  Beatley,  English  High  School,  Boston,  Mass oo 

Prof.  George  M.  Bartlett,  Univ.  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich oo 

Prof.  George  M.  Howe,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y oo 

Pres.  Charles  Wm.  Super,  Ohio  University,  Athens,  O oo 

Prof.  Herbert  Z.  Kip,  Vanderbilt  University,  Nashville,  Tenn oo 

Prof.  George  Hempl,  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich 5 .  oo 

Mr.  N.  J.  Werner,  3721  Cottage  Ave.,  St.  Louis,  Mo i .  oo 

Prof.  S.  F.  Emmons,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington 5 .  oo 

Mr.  J.  G.  Ewert,  Hillsboro,  Kansas i .  oo 

Total  Contributions $57-oo 

To  defray  the  remainder  of  the  expenses,  it  was  decided  to  invite  advertisements. 
As  these  were  manifestly  offered  more  from  interest  in  the  cause  than  from  hope  of 
profit,  they  are  specially  commended  to  the  reader's  attention.  No  price  was  fixed. 
The  sums  contributed  in  response  to  this  invitation  were  as  follows: 

Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.,  New  York  (Standard  Dictionary) $20.00 

G.  &  C.  Merriam  Co.,  Springfield,  Mass.  (Webster's  International  Dictionary)  20.00 
Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York  (French,  German,  Spanish,  Italian,  and  Latin 

Dictionaries) 20.00 

Ginn  &  Co..  Boston,  Mass.  (Five  Spanish  Texts) 20 .  oo 

American  Book  Co.,  New  York  (Rhetoric,  French,  German) 20.00 

Perry  Pictures  Co.,  Maiden,  Mass 10.00 

Hinds,  Noble  &  Eldredge,  New  York  (International  French-English,  Eng- 
lish-French Dictionary) 5 .  oo 

William  R.  Jenkins,  New  York  (Texts  of  French  and  other  foreign  lan- 
guages)   5 .  oo 

Fisk  Teachers'  Agencies,  4  Ashburton  Place,  Boston 5 .  oo 

Bridge  Teachers'  Agency,  2 A  Beacon  St.,  Boston. 5.00 

Union  Safe  Deposit  Vaults,  40  State  St.,  Boston 5 .  oo 

City  Trust  Co.,  40  State  St.,  Boston 5 .  oo 

Henry  Romeike,  Inc.,  Press  Clippings  Bureau,  33  Union  Square,  New  York .  .  5 .  oo 

Mott,  John  M.,  R.F.D.  No.  2,  South  Haven,  Mich.  (Fonoloji  &  Fonotaip) ...  2 .  50 

Blackmer,  O.  C.,  Oak  Park,  111.  (Pronouncing  Bible) i  .00 

I.  C    Ruppenfhal.  T  awyer,  Russell,  Kansas i  .00 

Total  Advertisements $149.  50 

Total  Receipts $206 .50 


IV 


Appletons  Standard  Dictionaries 


FRENCH.     CASSELL'S  New  French  and  English  Dictionary.     Revised  and  enlarged. 
By  James  Boielle,  B.  A.     Demy  8vo.,  half  leather,  $1.50. 
Over  three  quarters  of  a  million  copies  have  been  sold. 

SPIERS  &  SURENNE'S  French  and  English  Pronouncing  Dictionary.  In  two  parts, 
French-English  and  English-French.  Large  8vo.,  half  morocco,  $5.00. 

SPIERS  &  SURENNE'S  Standard  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  French  and  English 
languages.  Abridged  from  the  8vo.  edition,  i2mo.,  cloth,  $1.50. 

A  DICTIONARY  of  the  French'and  English  Languages.  By  Gabriel  Surenne.  Abridged 
from  the  larger  dictionary.  i6mo.,  cloth,  75  cents. 

Dictionaries  which  appeal  to  everyone  from  the  special  student  in 
French  literature  to  the  beginner  taking  his  first  lessons  in  French. 

SPANISH.  VELAZQUEZ'S  PRONOUNCING  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  SPANISH  AND  ENG- 
LISH LANGUAGES.  Revised  and  enlarged  by  Edward  Gray,  A.  B.,  and  Juan  L. 
Iribas,  A.  B.,  LL.  D.,  Large  8vo.,  half  morocco,  2  vols.,  each  $3.50;  indexed 
50  cents  extra;  one  large  vol.,  $6.00;  indexed  $1.00  extra. 

"The  immense  sum  invested,"  says  El  Tiempo,  "will not  be  without 
fruit,  since  this  Dictionary  is  bound  to  be  preferred  to  all  others  be- 
cause in  it  the  best  that  is  possible  in  this  class  of  book  has  been  at- 
tained." 

APPLETONS'  NEW  SPANISH-ENGLISH  AND  ENGLISH-SPANISH  DICTIONARY.  Edited 
by  Arturo  Cuyas.  i2mo.,  1227  pages,  $2.00. 

ACCURATE.  COMPREHENSIVE.  UP-TO-DATE. 

A  NEW  Dictionary  of  the  Spanish  and  English  Languages.  Based  upon  Velazquez's 
unabridged  edition,  32mo.,  cloth,  $1.00. 

USEFUL.  RELIABLE.  PORTABLE. 


MERCANTILE  DICTIONARY.  By  I.  de  Veitelle.  i2mo.,  cloth,  $1.50.  Articles  of 
Trade,  Commercial  Correspondence,  and  Geographical  Names  in  English,  Span- 
ish and  French.  Indispensable  for  the  importer  and  exporter,  and  all  dealers 
with  foreign  countries. 

GERMAN.  A  NEW  German  and  English  Dictionary.  Compiled  by  George  J. 
Adler.  A  new  edition,  thoroughly  revised  and  enlarged  by  Frank  P.  Foster  and 
Edward  Althaus.  Part  I,  German-English,  $3.50;  Part  II,  English-German, 
$3.00.  Large  8vo.,  half  morocco,  i  vol.,  $6.00. 

A  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  GERMAN  AND  ENGLISH  LANGUAGES.  By  G.  J.  Adler,  A.  M., 
late  Professor  of  the  German  Language  and  Literature  in  the  University  of  the 
City  of  New  York.  Two  parts,  i2mo.,  cloth,  $1.50. 

ITALIAN.  NEW  English  and  Italian  Explanatory  Dictionary.  By  J.  Millhouse 
and  F.  Bracciforti.  Small  8vo.,  2  vols.,  half  leather,  $5.50. 

MANY  ADDITIONS.        COMPLETELY  MODERN.  EIGHTH  EDITION. 

LATIN  AND  ENGLISH.      Appletons'  Latin  Dictionary.     By  J.  R.  V.  Marchant, 
M.  A.,  Oxford,  and  Joseph  F.  Charles,  B.  A.,  i2mo.,  cloth,  $1.50. 
Of  the  highest  practical  utility;  exceptionally  clear  and  exact. 


D.    APPLETON    AND    COMPANY 

New  York          Boston          Chicago  San  Francisco          London 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Abbe 4,  13 

Abbot 6 

Allen,  E.  C 6 

Allen,  E.  T 3 

Almstedt-   .  , 6 

American  Book  Co 35,  v 

Anderson,  L.  F 9 

Anderson,  M.  B 3 

Ansley 5 

Anthony 5 

Appleton  Co 35,  iv 

Araujo    26 

Arctowski 12 

Armstrong,  E.  C 5 

Armstrong,  J.  L 9 

Aurelio 1,5 

Austin,  F.  M 4 

Austin,  O.  P 4 

Axon 11,  13 

Ayer 3,35 

Babbitt,  E.  D 7 

Babbitt,  E.  H 12 

Bagnall 11 

Baker    30 

Balassa 10,  13 

Baldwin,  E.  C 4 

Baldwin,  F.  S 5 

Balliet 7,13,35 

Barbeau 10 

Barber    6 

Bares 10,  13 

Bargy 7 

Baring 11 

Bartlett 6,  35 

Batt    8 

Battin 8 

Bassett 5 

Baudouin  de  Courtenay.        11 

Bauer    4 

Bauer  &  Son    24 

Baxters 12 

Beatley    5,  35 

Becker,  E.  J 5 

Becker,  G.  F 3,  13 

Begouen  de  Meaux 10 

Belden    6 

Bell   .  . 13 

Benjamin   4 

Berlitz  Method ix 

Bevier 7 

Bierwirth 6 

Bill  in  Congress 31 

Birmingham       9 

Bishop 9 

Black,  E.  C 1,5 

Black,  F 11,    26 

Blackburn 4,  14 

Blackmer 4,  35,  viii 

Blain    9,    14 

Blau    7 

Blondel 10 

Botsford 7 

Bowen 9 

Bowne 5 

Bradley 12 

Brandon 8 

Branscheid 10,  14 

Brandt    7 

Brenner    10,    14 

Bretegnier    10 

Bridge  Teachers'  Agency  35  vi 

Briggs,  T.  H 12 

Briggs,  W.  D 8 

Bright 5 

Bronson    7 

Brooks    4 

Brosseau 10 

Brown,  C.  S 6 

Brown.  E.  M 8 

Brown,  F.  W 4 

Brown,  W.  G 6 

Bruce    5 

Buck,  C 4 

Buck,  G 7 

Bullock 11.  14 

Burger 10,  15 

Burgess 4 

Burnet 5,   15 

Burton 7 

Bush    5 

Byerly 6 

Cabeen    8 

Cameron 30 


PAGE. 

Canfield    6 

Carnegie  Institution.  .  .      3,  4 

Carpenter 7 

Carruth 5 

Carson 8 

Carter 6,  15 

Carus 4 

Case 7 

Century  Dictionary.  .  .      7,  23 

Chambers 3 

Chambonnaud 10 

Chandler    4,   15 

Chapman    5 

Chase 3,  16 

Chicago  Banquet 28 

Child    8,    16 

City  Trust  Co 35,  vi 

Clapp    3 

Clark,  G.  A 3 

Clark,  T.  A 4 

Clarke  3 

Cloos 11,  16,30 

Coit 5 

Conover    6 

Cooper    3 

Craig 11,    16 

Crampton    4,  35 

Crow 9 

Curdy 3 

Curme 4 

Currell 9 

Curtis    10 

Curzon    31 

Cushman 4,  31 

Darnall 9 

Davis 7 

Dawson 3 

Day,  A.  L 3 

Day,  D.  T 3 

Dechend 10    16 

De  Haan 8 

Delage 12 

Dewey 7,  17 

Dictionaries: 

Century 7,  23 

Standard 7,35,iii 

Webster's 35,  ii 

Worcester's 6 

Appleton 's  (12  vols)     35,  iv 
Hinds,  Noble  &  Eldredge's 

35,  vii 

Dickhoff 6 

Diederichs   ...  10,  17 

Diller 3 

Doane .  .  .  .      7,  17 

Dodge 3 

D'Ooge,  B.  L 6 

D'Ooge,  M.  L 6 

Dorr    10 

Dottin 12 

Douglas 3 

Drummond 11 

Dutch  pronunciation.  ...      26 

Eastman 5,  17 

Easton    8 

Educational  Association.      34 

Eldridge 3 

Elliott 5,  17,35 

Emerson 8,  34 

Emmons 3,  35 

English  as  World  Language 

13,  14,  16,  18,  22,  31,  33 
English-Spanish-French 

Dictionary iv 

Etymology 15,  22,  28 

Evans 12 

Everett  meeting    31 

Ewert 5,  35 

Eykman 12 

Fall 5 

Farrar 4 

Fay ;  .      9 

Felmley 28 

Ferroud 10 

Fife. 3,  17 

Finnisch-Ugrische   Forsch- 

ungen    13 

Fisk  Teachers'  Agencies  35,  ix 

Fitz-Gerald 7 

Forchhammer 11,  18 

Ford    6 

Fortier    5 

Foster 8 

*  Authors  of  phonetic  alphabets. 


PAGE. 

Frein 9 

French  Dictionary.     35,  iv,  vii 
French  Manuals. .  .      35,  v,  viii 

French  Texts   35,  viii 

Froelicher 5 

Fuhrken 11 

Funk  &  Wagnalls .  .      7,  35,  iii 

Gannett    3 

Garnett 9 

Gartner 10 

*Gatschling    12 

Gay 9 

Geare 4 

Geddes 1 ,  5 

Geogiaphic  Names. ...      3,31 
German  Dictionary  .  .      35,  iv 

German  Manual 35,  v 

Gerould 8 

Geyer    10 


Giard 

Gilbert   . 

Gill    

Ginn  &  Co.  .  . 

Gleason 

Goldschmidt  . 

Goodell 

*Grandgent    . 

Greene 

Grummann  .  . 
Gustafsson.  .  . 

Haag 

Haddon 

Haggett 

Hague 

Hamilton    .  .  . 

Haney 

Hargrove    .  .  . 

Harper    

Harrington  .  . 
Harris,  C.  .  .  . 
Harris,  M.  A. 
Harris,  R.  A. 


10,  18 
3,  35 
.  .  4 
35,  x 
.  12 
10 

.  .  3 
.  .  6 
.  .  7 
6,  18 
10,26 
.  10 
.  12 
9 

'.  .  .  3 
.  .  .  7 
.  .  .  8 
.  .  .  9 
.  .  .  4 
5 


Harris,  W.  A 9 


Harrison 
Hartmann    . 
Hatfield    .  .  . 

Havet 

Hayes,  A.  .  . 
Hayes,  A.  E. 
Hayes,  C.  W 

Hempl 

Henry 

Henschel 

Herbert 

Hermanstorff 

Hewitt    

Higley 

Hill,  A.  R 

Hill,  W.  H 

Hillebrand    

Hills    . 


9 

10 

4 

10 

6 

12 

3 

6,  28,  34,  35 
.  10 
10,  18 
6,  18 
.  11 
.  .  3 
.  .  6 
.  .  6 
12 

..      3 
3 


Hinds,  Noble  &  Eldredge's 

Dictionary 35,  vii 

Hinsdale 6 

Hitt 4 

Hogarth    10 

Hohlfeld 9 

Holmes 3 

Hopper 4 

Howard,  A.  A 6 

"Howard,  M.  N 7,  35 

Howard,  W.  G 6 

Howe 7,35 

Huddilston 5 

Hunt 7 

Huntington,  F 3 

Huntington,  W.  E 1,5 

Hurst    4 

Hussey    7 

Illinois  State  Teachers' 

Association 28 

Ingraham 6,  18,  35 

International  Dictionary 

6,35,  vii 
Italian  Dictionary  ...      35,  iv 


Italics . 

James    

Jenkins,  T.  A 

Jenkins,  W.  R 

*Jespersen 

Jesse    

Jodocius 

Joint  Committee.  . 


20,  24 

8 

4 

.      35,  viii 
24,  27,  30 

6 

8 

14,23,34 


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and  in  the  form  best  adapted  to  his  purpose. 

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mar drill,  and  English  sentences  and  passages  for  translation  into  French. 
The  lessons  are  followed  by  selections  for  memorizing,  the  conjugations 
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AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 

New  York  Cincinnati  Chicago  Boston 


PAGE. 

Jonas 8,  18 

Jordan 3 

Josselyn 1,5 

Joynes  8 

Kagan 5 

Karns    9 

Kelsey 6 

Kennelly 10,  18 

Kettle 12,  18 

Kewitsch    10 

Kind 7 

Kip 9,  19,  35 

Knoepfler 5 

Kramers 11 

Krapp 7 

Krause    10 

Kristensen 11 

Kroeh 7 

Kubel    3 

Kuhn 10 

Kuhns 3 

Lamaze 8 

Latin  Dictionary  ....      35,  iv 

Lawrence    5 

Lawton 7 

Learned    8 

Ledeboer 10 

Lenz    30 

Leonard    5 

Lewis,  E.  H 4 

Lewis  M.  E 6 

Lindsay   1,5 

Little 9 

Livingstone    8 

Lloyd 12,  30 

Lodge    12 

Logeman 10,  19 

Lombard '    6 

Longden  4 

Lopes 1 1  ,  20 

Lovera 11,30 

Lowell '    5 

Lund '    30 

McClumpha    6 

McGee 4 

McGoun 10,  20 

McKenzie 12 

Main    5 

Maitre  Phonetique, 

13,  24,  26,  30 

Manfredmi 1 1 

March .  8 

Marden [[      5 

Mason 4 

Matthews 7  20 

Matzat    '  10 

*Matzke .3,20 

Maurice-Carton.  '  10 

Meader "  6,  20 

Meisnest 9 

Mercantile  Dictionary   .'.      iv 

Merriam  Co 35    ji 

Merrill '  3 

Meyer '    1 1 

Michaelis  ...  10 

Miller 

Millerd    .  5 

Mitchell ...'.'.'.'.I'.'.      8 

Modern    Language    Asso- 
ciation        34 

Molenaar t  m      12 

Monseur 10,  20,  24,  30 

Mooney 3 

Moore    ......      6 

Morch 11 

Morf    '.  "  '         '    H 

Morris,  E.  C 8 

Morris,  J 4 

Moss .  .  .  '   35 

*Mott 6,  20,  35,viii 

Nader 10,  30 

Neilson 7 

Newcomer    3 

Newhall    '.'.      8 

Newton 5 

Nitze 5 

Nobiling 10 

Noel  Dolens   10 

Nollen 4,  35 

Noreen    11 

Novicow    11     21 

Noyes    ',      3 

Nyrop 27 

Oftedal 12 

Oliver 4,  21 

Panconcelli-Calzia 10 

Parker 3 


PAGE. 

*Passy 10,14.19,21,30 

Payen-Payne 12 

Pellissier 6 

Penn 6 

Perkins 4 

Perrin,  E.  N 7 

Perrin,  M.  L 1,5 

Perry  Pictures 35,  ii 

Philological  Association .  .      34 

Phonetic  Association,  21,  22, 

23,  25,  26,  30 

Phonology 35,  viii 

Pierce,  Robert  M vii 

Pinchot  4 

Piper 6 

Poole 12 

Post 12 

Prentice 7,  35 

Press  Clippings 35,  vi 

Primer 9 

Pronouncing  Bible.  .      35,  viii 

Rajna    11 

Rambeau 6,  30 

Read 5 

Rees    .12 

Renard 10,  22 

Rendtorff 3 

Rhoades 8 

Rhetoric 35,   v 

Rice,  A.  H.  1,5 

Rice,  C.  C 3 

Richards 12,  22 

Rickard 7 

Riess 12 

Ritschel    12 

Rivard    12 

Rizer 3 

Roberts 6 

Roedder    9 

Rogers 7 

Rolfe 8 

Romeike  Press  Clippings,  35,  vi 

Roorda 26 

Root 3 

Rosa    11 

Ross    8 

Rossmann 11 

Rowe 5 

Roy 7 

Ruppenthal.  .      5,  32,  35,  viii 

Russell    6 

Safe  Deposit  Vaults.  .  35,  vi 
Salomonsen  Encyclopedia,  26 

Saunderson 9,  22 

Scarborough  .  .  8 

Schelling 8 

Schinz 8 

Schmidt,  F.  G.  G 8 

Schmidt,  O.  F 1 1 

Schoch 6 

Schofield 6 

Schuchardt 10 

Scientific  American  .  .  32 
Scott,  C.  P.  G.,  7,  23,  26,  34 

Scott,  F.  N 6 

Scott,  J.  R 6,  35 

Scott,  M.  A 6    23 

Script,   14,    16,   18,   20,   24,  34 

Scripture 5 

Sechrist 9,  23 

Seelye 8 

Senger  3 

Seward    3 

Sharp,  D.  B l(  5 

Sharp,  R 5,23 

Shearin 9 

Shelton 5 

Shorey 12 

Shumway 8,  23 

Siebs 18 

Siepmann 12,  24 

Simonsen 11,  24 

Skaaden    11 

Skeat 12 

Smidt    11 

Smith,  B.  E 7 

Smith,  C.  A 8 

Smith,  G.  C.  M.   .  .  12 

Smith,  W.  L 8 

Snow 5 

Spanhoofd    4 

Spanish  Dictionary,  .  .  35,  iv 
Spanish  pronunciation  .  .  26 
Spanish  Texts.  .  .  .  35,  viii,  x 

Speranza 7 

*Spieser.  .      11,  14,  24,  26,  30 

Standard  Dictionary,   7,35,iii 

*  Authors  of  phonetic  alphabets. 


PAGE.. 
Standard  pronunciation, 

18,  29- 

Staples 12,  24 

Steele    9* 

Stejneger 4 

Stoddard 7 

Stokes  4 

Storch 11 

Struthers    7 

Sturtevant 6* 

Suchier 11 

Super 8,  35 

*Sweet 13,    16,   30* 

Tacoma  News 31 

Talbot 4 

Taylor    1,  5 

Teachers'  Agencies .      35,  vi,  ix 
Teachers'  Associations,  28,  31 

Terry 9,  3 1 

Thilly    6- 

Thomas   7,  34 

Thompson    3 

Thomson,  D 9* 

Thomson,  W 12 

Thouaille    12' 

Thudichum 30- 

Thurwanger 5. 

Thyggesen    11 

Tilden 4 

Tilley 3fr 

Tittmann 4 

Tonnies 1 1 

Toussaint-Langenscheidt       13- 

Trautmann 11,24 

Trieder    12" 

Truscott 9f 

Tupper    4 

Turk    7 

Vaile 4,25,28,34 

Van  Deman 5- 

Van  Hise    9 

Van  Steenderen 5 

Van  Wieren 1,5 

Viana 11,  3O 

*Vietor 11,25,30 

Visible  Speech 16 

Voigt 10- 

Von  Jagemann 6. 

Von  Luttitz 12 

Voorsanger 3 

Vos    5 

Walcott 3 

Walker    & 

Walter 11,21 

Wallenskiold 10,  30- 

Ward 7 

Warman 3 

Warner  bill 31 

Warren 5 

Washington  State  Teachers' 

Association 31 

Waters    7 

Wauchope    9* 

Weber 4 

Webster 's  Dictionary .  .      3  5 ,  it 

Weed 3,  35 

Weeks,  F.  B 3 

Weeks,  R 6,  25- 

*Werner 6,35 

Wernicke    5 

West 8- 

Western 11,  25,  30 

Weston    7,   25 

Whitaker    8: 

White,  Al.  C 12 

White,  An.  C 12 

White,  A.  D 31 

Wickerhauser 10- 

Wightman    8; 

Williams 6- 

Willson 6- 

Wilson 3 

Winslow 7 

*Wise 9,  25 

Wolff    4,   25 

Wood,  F.  A 4 

Wood,  G.  M 3 

Wood,  H 5 

Wood,  H.  S 4,  26 

Woods 4 

Woodward 4,7 

Worcester's  Dictionary.. ..      6 

Workman 12 

Wright,  C.  H.  C 6 

Wright,  E.  D 9 

Wulff 30 

Young 6- 


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vii 


Uniform 
International   Dictionaries 

xof 

All  Subjects 'in  All  Languages 


ROBERT  MORRIS  PIERCE 

\Tl  7E  have  in  preparation  and  shall  publish  early  in  the  Summer  of  the  present  year  a  brand-new  French-English  and  English- 
W  French  Dictionary,  the  first  of  a  SERIES  of  general  bilingual  dictionaries  projected  by  us,  the  next  five  of  which  arc  to  be  as- 
follows:  German-English  and  English-German,  Latin-English  and  English-Latin,  Spanish-English  and  English-Spanish,  Greek-English  and. 
English-Greek,  Italian-English  and  English-Italian:  to  be  printed  on  fine  paper  and  bound  in  uniform  and  durable  style. 

The  dictionaries  just  mentioned  are  but  a  part  of  a  proposed  SYSTEM  OF  DICTIONARIES  which  will  include,  along  with  further  general 
bilingual  dictionaries  such  as- Anglo-Saxon-English  and  English-Anglo-Saxon,  Japanese-English  and  English-Japanese,  Hungarian-English, 
and  English-Hungarian,  Portuguese-English  and  English-Portuguese,  Russian-English  and  English-Russian,  Sanskrit-English  and  English- 
Sanskrit,  Swedish-English  and  English-Swedish,  French-German  and  German- French,  German-Russian  and  Russian-German,  Spanish-French 
and  Trench-Spanish,  a  series  of  general  unilingual  dictionaries  of  English,  French,  German,  and  other  languages,  as  well  as  series, 
ot  special  dictionaries,  both  unilingual  and  bilingual,  as  of  Mathematics,  Physics,  Chemistry,  Astronomy,  Geology,  Crystallography,  Biolog>, 
Psychology,  Sociology,  Science,  Philosophy,  Art,  Industry,  Mechanics,  Music,  Medicine,  Law,  Finance,  Geography,  Biography,  and  other 
subjects,  in  English,  and  also  in  other  languages. 

International  French-English  and  English-French  Dictionary 

Editorial  Critic  of  French  Pronunciations:  PAUL,  PASSY  Professor  of  Phonetic*  in  the  University  of  Paris;  Secretary  of  the  Internationa* 
Phonetic  Association;  Editor  of  L«  Maitre  Phon^tique.  Author  of  Changements  Phon^ttques,  Sons  du  Francois,  etc.  Editorial  Critic  of  English  Pronunciations-. 
CBOH.CE  H^MPL,  Professor  of  English  Philology  and  General  Linguistics  in  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  recently  President  of  the  American 
Philological  Association  and  of  the  Modern  Language  Association  of  America. 

About    12OO    Patfea    Ilka    ap«clm*n    below.     Half  l«atH«r,    62. OO 

Simplicity      -  ---  I  ~~]    Phonetics 

0=1,  <i»  <ul«-wort.  -ill  is  FRENCH-ENGLISH  <3  Up-tO-date 

The  ProouacUiioa  of  every 
French     lille.»oid     ud    of 


Few 
Abbreviations 


Clearness 

TTw  Type  aad  typographic 


FRENCH-ENGLISH                                                    9 

actualization  aktqalizo'sjS  /.  actualness,  adapta- 

•djolgne od'jwnn  V.  see  adjeindre. 

tion  to  the  times. 
aetnaUser  aktueli're  tr.  actualize. 

adjoienent  od';won  v.  see  adjoindrf. 
adjoigne.  od'jwop  v.  see  ad,oindr,. 

actnaHt*    okttiali'te   /.    actuality,    passing    event; 

adjoignei  od3wu'/ic  v.  see  adiomdre. 

question  of  the  hour, 
aetnel  ok'tticl  adj.  11.  actuelle)    present. 

adjoi^niea  odswon'je  f.  see  adjoindrt. 
adjolRnlona  adjwap'j3  f.  see  adjoindrt. 

actnelle  ak'tifel    see  actuel. 
aetnellament  ekJqcrma  adv.  nowt  at-  present 

adjoienla  odjwo'ni  v.  see  adioindrr. 
adjoicnona  ndswo'pS  t-.  see  adjo.ndrf. 

ocnlt*  akui'le  /.  acuteness,  keenness. 

adjoindre  od'jwt  dr  tr.   [present  participle  ad  lot- 

acnUlformo   okylei'form   adj.   aculeate, 
acnmln*  okymi'ne  adj.  acuminated. 

gnant  ;  past  participle  adjoint  ;   indicative  present 

aenponetnre  okypSk-orr  /.  acupuncture.  : 
ace  tangle  ekYta  3!  adj.  acute-angled. 

adjoignent  ,  pretcnt  j'adjoignis  ;  subjunctive  pres- 
ent   ,'adjoigne.    tu    adjoin,,,    no«i    ad,o,en<o»,. 

adaff*  a'da:s  m.  adage,  proverb. 

10,,  odjcienic;)      adjoin,  associate. 

adamantia   edamo/li   adj.   adamantine. 

adjoin,  ed'jwc  v.  see  adjoindre. 

adaptable  adaptfbl  adj.  adaptable.     - 
adaptation  •dapto'ijj  f.  adaptation. 

adjoint  od';wC  m.  adjunci,  associate  ;  deputy. 
adjoint  nd'jwl  ...  see  adjoindr,. 

adapter  qdap'te  tr.  adapt  :  suit  ;  fit. 

adjonetton  edjJk'sjS  f.  adjunction. 

addition  edi'sjS  /.  addition;  (in  reitauranu)  bill; 

adjndant  adj/da  m.  adjutant;  lanctiemi  f  adju- 

(printing) side-note. 

tant,  adjutancy. 

additionnel  adlsja'nel  adj.  (f.  additionnellej     ad- 

adjndicataire   edjydiko'tc  r    n.    purchaser;    con- 

ditional. 

addltionn.lle  odi.jVnc!    see  additional. 
additionner   odisjo'ne   tr.  add  up. 

adjndieatecr  udjydika'to  r  •».  awarder. 
adjudleatif    odjydiko'lif    adj.     if.    adjudicativt} 

addnetcnr   edyk't»:r   adj.   adducent. 

(law)  adjudging. 

addnetion   odyk'sjS   f.   adduction. 

adjudication   odjydiko'sjS    /.    adjudication,    auc- 

ademption sdop'sjS  /.  revocation  of  a  legacy, 
ad.nite  ade'nit  /.  adenitis. 

tion;  contract;   ntettre  en  adjudication,  contract 
for. 

adent  e'do  m.  mortise, 
adenter  ada'te  tr.  fatten  (by  books  or  teeth). 

adjvdleatin  odsydiko'ti.v  adj.  see  adjaditttif. 
adjnger   ndjy'je    tr.   adjudee.   adjudicate,   award; 

adept*  a'dcpt  n.  adept. 

adjugtl  (at  auction*)  gonel 

adtqnat  adelcwa  cdj.  adequate. 

adjuration  edjyra'sjS  /.  adjuration,  exorcism. 

aojarer  eajy're  tr.  abjure,  conjure,  call  upon. 

adherent  ode'ri  m.  adherer  ;  partisan. 

adjuvant   odj/vS  m.    (medicine)    adjuvant 

adherent  n.le'rfl  adj.  adherent. 

admet  ed-mc  c.  see  aamtttrr. 

adherer  ode're  inlr.  adhere,  cling,  slick. 
adheaif  ade'iif  adj.  [f.  adlteiive)     adhesive. 

admettre  od'mrtr  Ir.  [past  participle  admit;  Indie- 
ative  present  il  admet]      admit  :  allow  :  let  in. 

adhesion  arte'zjs  /.  adhesion  ;  compliance. 

adminlenl*     •dminileyl     m.     (lav)     presumptive 

adhdlvo  ndc'ii  v  aJj.  ttt  adnjli/. 
adiabatiqa*  adjaba'tik  adj.  adiathermie. 

admlniatratenr  administra'to:r  m.  administrator. 

adlante-  a'djd:t  m.  adlanrum,  maiden-hair. 
adle«    B'djo    adv.    farewtll,    good-bye;    fain    HI 
adieu*  a,  bid  adieu,  MIU  adieu,  till   I  see  you 

manager,  trustee;  guardian   (of  the  poor). 
admlniatratlf   ndminiitrn'tif   adj.    (f.   adminijtro. 
tiftt      administrative. 

again;  adieu  vat  about  ship! 

adminlatratlon   udministra'sjj   f.   administration, 

Mian  n'djo  m.  [pi.  adirui]    farewell. 
adieu  n'dj.     seeadiru. 

management,  government,  conduct, 
administrative  cdministr<Tti:v  adj.  see  admini,. 

adlpMuw  cdi'po:z  adj.  aee  aJiptui. 

tratif. 

adipoeir*  adipy>i:r  /.  adipocere. 
adinr  ndi're  tr.  mislar.  lose. 

admlniitratriea  odministra'tris  /.  administratrix. 

aditloa  ndi'sjS  /.  acceptance  of  an  Inheritance. 

adminiatrer    edminis'tre    tr.    administer,    manage. 

adjaeent  adja'sa  adj.  adjacent 
adjeetif  adjck'tif  adj.  [f.  adjettivtj    adjectival 
adjeetif   adsfk-tif   m.   adjective. 
adjective-  Bd5ck'ti:v  adj.  tee  attjrctif. 

officiate,  govern,   minister,  dispense;   (tav)   fin- 
ish, find  ;  aVoir  d'adminalrer.  letters  of  adminis- 
tration .  adminitlrer  del   Itmoint.   find  witnesses, 
admirable   odmi'rcbl  adj.   admirable. 

adjectlvem«m)t   adjcktiv^ma   adi:    adjectivelv. 
adjotcmant  adjwe'ptk  f.  see  *t  joint,,. 

admirablement    ndmirobla'ma    adv.    admirably. 
admiratenr  odmiro'to:r  m.  admirer. 

C)  indicates  that  the  following  syllable  is  stressed. 

Phrases  In  fall 

Th«  Phnue.  sr.  usullr  rivt» 


•ptIM  0.1  U  lull,  thw  be.n r 
•tf   U»lr   M»rU   lorn.  .«. 


irregular  Verb* 


>  ut  (t*ra  1&  title-pile. 


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Moratin's  El  Si  de  las  Ninas. 

Edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  G.  D.  M.  FORD,  Assistant  Professor 
of  the  Romance  Languages  in  Harvard  University. 

In  the  Introduction  the  editor  gives  a  brief  resume  of  the  rise  and  progress  of 
the  drama  in  Spain,  together  with  a  short  biographical  and  literary  sketch  of  the 
author. 

Bazan's  Pascual  Lopez. 
Edited,  with  Notes,  by  WILUAM  I.  KNAPP. 

A  clever  handling  of  dialogue  gives  an  especial  charm  to  this  popular  Spanish 
novel.  In  this  edition  Professor  Knapp  has  omitted  the  objectionable  features  of 
the  original,  but  in  other  respects  the  text  has  been  scrupulously  followed. 

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